1. CS 115 OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING I LECTURE 4_1 GEORGE KOUTSOGIANNAKIS Copyright: 2015 Illinois Institute of Technology- George Koutsogiannakis 1

2. Previous Lecture Topics Data Types. Variables. Constants. Type casting of Data Types. Expressions. Arithmetic Operators. Precedence of Operators. 2

3. Lecture 4 Topics Mixed Type Arithmetic Typecasting-Implicit/Explicit Structure of a Java program Classes – What is a class? What is an object of a class? How do we create objects of a class? Constructors 3

4. Arithmetic Operators In Programming arithmetic expressions we use the following symbols. Each symbol is called an arithmetic operator: – / forward slash is used for division i.e 4/3 – * asterisk is used for multiplication – +, - used for addition and subtraction. Notice that the + operator is also used a symbol with a different meaning sometimes (this is called operator overloading). – % modulus operator. Gives the remainder of a division. – (, ) opening and closing parentheses. 4

5. Review of Precedence of Operators Suppose we have the expression: 3*4/2+(6-3*2/2-1*(2+3-2*5/2)) What is the result? How does the system (java run time system in the computer) calculate the result? Answer: – First anything within a parenthesis gets calculated, starting with the innermost parethensis. Parentheses are given priority. Each parenthesis is calculated by itself. Within a parenthesis the precedence of operators is followed i.e. multiplication and division first then addition and subtraction: 2+3-2*5/2 multiplication and division have equal precedence and they get applied before + or – therefore we apply the leftmost of the equal precedence operators first. 5

6. Review of Precedence of Operators 2*5=10 first, then 10/2=5 Next we apply the + and then the - (+, - are of equal precedence but + comes first because it is the leftmost of the two in the expression). 2+3-5=0 (result of inner most parenthesis). – Now let us calculate the next parenthesis (6-3*2/2-1*0) Again multiplication is first ( multiplication and division come before addition and subtraction) starting left to right and covering all operators of equal precedence. 6-6/2-1*0 Next the division 6-3-1*0 Next the last multiplication 6-3-0= 3 – Now the remainder of the expression 3*4/2+3 First the multiplication 3*4=12 then 12/2=6 and finally the subtraction FINAL RESULT: 6+3=9 6

7. Modulus Operator When two integers are divided: – the quotient is an integer data type – any fractional part is truncated (discarded) To get the remainder, use the modulus operator with the same operands: % i.e 10%3=1 because the remainder of the division is 1 7

8. Division by Zero Integer division by 0: Example: int result = 4 / 0; At run time, the Java Runtime System generates an ArithmeticException and the program stops executing. Division by zero is not allowed. Floating-point division by 0: – If the dividend is not 0 as an integer, then the result is Infinity --i.e. 4.3/0.0=infinity. – If the dividend and divisor are both 0, the result is NaN (not a number) ---i.e. 0/0=NaN 8

9. Operands Consider the following Expression: 2+3-5 – An operator operates on Operands – +, –, *, / operators require 2 operands each. – + operator has the Operands 2 and 3 in our example. 9

10. Mixed-Type Arithmetic– Conversions of Data Types There is a concern with data types when the operands of an operator are not of the same data type. i.e. 2 * 2.3 WHERE SHOULD THE SYSTEM STORE THE RESULT IN MEMORY? As an int memory space (4 bytes) or as a double memory space (8 bytes)? Even if the data types of the operands are the same we could still have an issue as to the data type of the result i.e. 3/2 Therefore rules are needed in the programming language (Java in this case) to handle the results of this type of operations. 10

11. Mixed-Type Arithmetic– Conversions of Data Types Implicit Type Casting By “Implicit Type Casting” we mean that the Java Runtime System changes a particular data type implicitly: in other words the programmer did NOT program the change to the data type with an explicit programming instruction. PROMOTION RULE – When performing calculations with operands of different data types in an expression: Lower-precision operands are promoted automatically (implicitly) to higher-precision data types, then the operation is performed. That conversion of the data type is called Numeric Promotion. 11

12. Mixed-Type Arithmetic– Conversions of Data Types Implicit Type Casting – Promotion is effective only for expression evaluation; not a permanent change. In other words the operand after the calculation returns to its original data type. – This is called implicit type casting because it is done by the syatem and not by the programmer. For example: any expression involving a floating- point operand will have a floating-point result. 12

13. Promotion Therefore the term numeric promotion refers to changing a data type variable (which has already been declared) in an expression from a lower precision to higher precision at compile time (in other words the compiler automatically adjusts the data types). – Promotion takes place, for instance, when we have an arithmetic expression to be evaluated like the one below: Operand1 Operator Operand2 3 + 4.2 (as an example) 13

14. Promotion – Thus, the first operand will be promoted (remember the promotion is temporary) so that we now have: 3.0 + 4.2 After the expression is calculated 3.0 returns to its original value 3 (an int data type) 14

15. Promotion – Another example: int x=3; double y=4.0; double z=0; z= x+y; In this case the variable x is temporarily promoted to a double (only for the duration of the calculation of the expression by the program). The result is a double which is saved in identifier z. Notice that after the expression is calculated the identifier x remains an int holding the value 3 (not 3.0). Question: explain the meaning of the phrase “the variable x is temporarily promoted to a double “ in terms of memory spaces in the computer. 15

16. Rules of Promotion The compiler applies the first of these rules that fits: 1.If either operand is a double, the other operand is converted to a double. 2.If either operand is a float, the other operand is converted to a float. 3.If either operand is a long, the other operand is converted to a long. 4.If either operand is an int, the other operand is promoted to an int 5.If neither operand is a double, float, long, or an int, both operands are promoted to int. 16

17. Assignment Conversion The equal sign = is not called equal in programming languages. It is instead called the assignment operator. It is used to indicate that one variable’s value (one identifier’s value) is transferred from its memory space to the other variables memory space i.e int c= 2/3+(3*25%2) means: calculate the expression and then assign its result (store the result) in the memory space identified by the symbol c if type int (4 byte sreserved) i.e int d =5; int c=d In this case we want the value stored in the identifier d (memory spaced of 4 bytes) to ALSO be stored (assigned) in the memory space identified as c (also 4 bytes) 17

18. Assignment Conversion Assignment conversion takes place when we are trying to assign one particular data type identifier to another data type identifier. – For example – int x=3; – double y=0; – y=x; In other words take the value of x and assign it to the identifier y or another way of saying the same thing is: – Take the contents of memory location identified by x and place it in the memory location identified by y. The above is valid conversion because a lower precision can be assigned to a higher precision identifier (the inverse is not true). – Remember that y is 8 bytes and x is 4 bytes. We can take 4 bytes of data and put it in a memory space of 8 bytes but not the other way around. 18

19. Example Of Implicit Type casting public class TestPromotion { public static void main(String[] args) { double taxRate=0.5345; float salesTax=0.5f; //demotion is allowed. Therefore the following is allowed //where taxRate accepts a float; taxRate=salesTax; //The following is not allowed. Compiler will produce a warning //Possible loss of precision message Identifier salesTax can not be promoted to a double salesTax=0.9f; salesTax=taxRate; } 19

20. Example Of Implicit Type casting In this example salesTax represents a float (which takes 4 bytes of memory) and taxRate a double (which takes 8 bytes of memory). It is O.K. to try to store a float into a memory area greater than the float memory area. It is NOT O.K. to try to store a double (8 bytes) into a memory area less that 8 bytes ( a float has 4 bytes). 20

21. Another Example of Implicit Type Casting public class TestPromotion1 { public static void main(String[] args) { double taxRate=0.5345; float salesTax=0.5f; double result=taxRate+salesTax; System.out.println(“Thre result is”+result); } Here float data type salesTax is implicitly type casted to a double temporarily so that the expression taxRate+salesTaxc an be evaluated. Output: The result is:1.0345 21

22. Another Example of Implicit Type Casting public class TestPromotion1 { public static void main(String[] args) { double taxRate=0.5345; int salesTax=2; double result=taxRate+salesTax; System.out.println(“Thre result is”+result); } Output: The result is:2.5345 The int data type salesTax was implicitly (without us asking for it via an instruction) type casted to a double in order to be added with the double data type taxRate. 22

23. Type Casting -Explicit The programmer can write a programming instruction to explicitly ask that a data type be converted to a different data type. This is called explicit type casting. Explicit type casting is done by enclosing the new data type name in parenthesis in front of the data type that w eare changing i.e. – int a=(int)4.324; Or double d=4.324; int a=(int)d; 23

24. Structure of a Java program public class NameOfClass { //instance variables or attributes of the class are declared here int a=0; char c=‘v’; double anotherd=3.64; // next the methods of the class public void firstMethod( ) { //code for this method } public int secondMethod() { //code for second method } } //end of class 24

25. Class-what is a class A class is a category. – i.e Student is a class. It represents a category of people that share common characteristics – We call those common characteristics: attributes For example, every student has: – A first name. – A last name – A student Id – Is registered at a school – Takes certain courses etc. – Those are some of the attributes that we can come up. There are other of course that we can add to the list. 25

26. Class-what is a class In Java we create classes as they are needed. That is why we start a Java program by declaring a class name: i.e public class Student { //we declare the attributes // we write methods for the class } 26

27. Class-what is a class The attributes make up the data of the class The methods manipulate the data. Suppose someone says: “The student earns grades”. Come up with the data and the methods for a class. The noun in the sentence is the class name, the verb is a method. The attribute is: grade. i.e public class Student { char grade=‘ ‘; public void setGrade(char agrade) { grade=agrade; } 27

28. Object-Oriented Programming Classes combine data and the methods (code) to manipulate the data Classes are a template used to create specific objects. – An object is a specific instance of a class – i.e In the class Student we may have a specific student (an object of class Student) with specific values for the attributes that we gave to the class: First Name is John Last Name is Doe Grade is A Etc. All Java programs consist of at least one class. Object Oriented Programming (OOP) refers to the usage of classes in our programs. 28

29. Why Use Classes? Usually, the data for a program is not simply one item. Often we need to manage entities like students, books, flights, etc. We need to be able to manipulate such entities as a unit. Classes allow us to separate the data for each object, while using common code to manipulate each object. Student class – Data: name, year, and grade point average – Methods: store/get the value of the data, promote to next year, etc. Student object Object name: student1 Data: Maria Gonzales, Sophomore, 3.5 29

30. Class Members Members of a class – the class's fields and methods. Fields is another name for attributes. Fields – instance variables and static variables (we'll define static later) – Instance variables variables defined in the class and given a value in each object fields can be: – any primitive data type (int, double, etc.) – objects of the same or another class Methods – the code to manipulate the object data 30

31. Encapsulation Instance variables are usually declared to be private, which means that they cannot be accessed directly outside the class. Users (clients) of the class must reference the private data of an object by calling methods of the class. Thus the methods provide a protective shell around the data. We call this encapsulation. Benefit: the class’ methods can ensure that the object data is always valid 31

32. Objects Object reference – an identifier of the object Instantiating an object – creating an object of a class; assigns initial values to the object data – Objects need to be instantiated before being used Instance of the class – an object after instantiation 32

33. Naming Conventions Class names: start with a capital letter Object references: start with a lowercase letter In both cases, internal words start with a capital letter Example: class: Student, PetAnimal objects: marcusAustin, myBoaConstrictor 33

34. Example of a Class public class Student { //let us declare 4 attributes (fields) and initialize them String firstName=“ “; String lastName=“ “; int studentID=0; double gradeAverage=0.0; // next we create a method called the constructor method. public Student(String fn, String ln, int id, double gradaver) { firstName=fn; lastName=ln; studentID=id; gradeAverage=gradaver; } // The constructor initializes the attributes (or some of the attributes) to specific values requested by a user. The constructor in the above example is called a non default constructor. We will show later another type of constructor method called default constuctor. 34

35. Example of a Class public String getFirstName() { return firstName; } //The above method is called an Accessor method because it accesses the value of an attribute public void setfirstName(String finam) { firstName=finam; } //The above method is called a Mutator method because it can change the value of an attribute. 35

36. Example of a Class The previous class is called a template class. It is a template of Student category (class). Notice that it ha sno main method although it has other methods such as – Constructor methods – Accessor methods – Mutator methods Another Java program called the client program can utilize this class. 36

37. Reusability of Classes Reuse – class code is already written and tested – you build a new application faster – the application will be more reliable Example: A Date class could be used in a calendar program, appointment-scheduling program, online shopping program, etc 37

38. How to Reuse a Class You don't need to know how the class is written or see the code of the class You do need to know the application programming interface (API) of the class The API is published and tells you: – how to create objects – what methods are available – how to call the methods 38

39. API Documentation of the Java API is available on the Internet by going to site: http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api 39

40. Client Class Suppose we have written the program for the class Student. Another class, let us call it: StudentClient, needs to use the student class. public class StudentClient { // This class is going to have a main method // inside the main method we are going to create a Student class object (the term is: instantiate a student class object // The student object will allow us to manipulate the data of the class (the values of the attributes) by using the accessor and mutator methods of the template class Student. } 40

41. Back to Student Template Class public class Student { //let us declare 2 attributes (fields) and initialize them String lastName=“ “; int studentID=0; // next we create a method called the default constructor method. public Student() { lastName=Joe; studentID=10; } public Student(String ln, int id) { lastName=ln; studentID=id; } 41

42. Back to Student Template Class public String getLastName() { return lastName; } public void setLastName(String ln) { lastName=ln; } public int getStudentID() { return studentID; } public void setStudentID() { return studentID; } THERE ARE TWO ERRORS IN THE LAST METHOD!! IDENTIFY THE ERRORS. 42

43. Constructors Initialize the fields (attributes) A class can have a number of different constructors. Two types: – Default constructor takes no arguments. Initializes the fields to specific values. – Non Default constructor takes arguments. Initializes the fields to what values the arguments have. 43

44. Constructors Notice that constructors MUST HAVE THE SAME NAME AS THE CLASS Notice that constructors do not return any data type, NOT EVEN VOID. 44

45. Study Guide Chapter 2 – All of section 2.4 Chapter 3 – 3.1, 3.2 45