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© 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. / A Pearson Education Company / Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 “Bird flu” Caused by avian influenza virus (AIV) Endemic in wild and domestic birds 16 H and 9 N subtypes Only H5 and H7 are highly pathogenic Though many H5 & H7 varieties are not “Bird flu” caused by H5N1 Symptoms Severe respiratory infection Organ failure High mortality rate
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© 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. / A Pearson Education Company / Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Outbreak timeline I 1996 H5N1 isolated from farm goose in China 1997 18 human cases reported in Hong Kong with 6 fatalities 2003 Thailand reports outbreak among zoo animals Poultry farm infections in South Korea 2004 Vietnam, Japan, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Indonesia, and Malaysia report poultry infections Vietnam and Thailand report human cases and fatalities
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© 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. / A Pearson Education Company / Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Outbreak timeline II 2005 First published account of human-to-human transmission Cambodia and Indonesia report human cases 6,345 migratory birds found dead in China H5N1 found among poultry and wild birds in Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Turkey, Romania, and Croatia January 2006 Human cases and deaths reported in Turkey
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© 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. / A Pearson Education Company / Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 The genomics of the Avian Influenza Virus Avian influenza virus (AIV) genome 8 RNA segments Each ~900 to ~2300 bp 11 proteins Large scale sequencing of avian influenza viruses Analyzed 336 avian influenza viruses Collected between 1976 and 2004 Global sample including wild birds and poultry
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© 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. / A Pearson Education Company / Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 A potential virulence determinant The NS gene Highly variable NS1 only produced in infected cell Ligand identified that binds to many receptors and proteins in intracellular pathways Ligand sequence not found in mild human viruses Could NS1 identify highly pathogenic avian influenza strains?
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