1. Anatomy of the Respiratory System
Exercise 36
Anatomy of the Respiratory System

2. Objectives Respiratory system structures
Respiratory system, pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, internal respiration
Bronchi vs. bronchioles—structure and function

3. Respiratory system structures
Nasal cavity
External nares (nostrils)
Conchae (lobelike structures—increase air turbulence)
Superior, middle, inferior
Fig. 23-3

4. Nasal cavity Meatuses: passageways between conchae
Superior, middle, inferior
Fig. 23-3

5. Nasal cavity
Internal nares
Fig. 23-3

6. Palate Separates nasal and oral cavities Hard palate Soft palate Uvula
anterior
Soft palate
posterior
Uvula
Fig. 23-3

7. TONSILS Pharyngeal Palatine Lingual
Paired masses of lymphoid tissue (protect respiratory passages from pathogens)
Palatine
Laterally located near soft palate
Lingual
Covers base of tongue
Fig. 23-3

8. Paranasal Sinuses
Resonance chambers in speech, mucosae warm/moisten incoming air
Sphenoidal
Frontal

9. PHARYNX
“throat”—connects nasal/oral cavities to larynx and esophagus below
Nasopharynx
Posterior to nasal cavity, above soft palate
Pharyngeal tonsils on posterior wall
Eustachian tubes drain into it laterally
Fig. 23-3

10. PHARYNX Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Posterior to oral cavity
Soft palate to epiglottis
Palatine tonsils, lingual tonsil
Laryngopharynx
Epiglottis to larynx
Fig. 23-3

11. LARYNX (“voicebox”)
Epiglottis—flap-like, flexible elastic cartilage; lid over the larynx when swallow
Hyoid bone
Fig. 23-3

12. LARYNX (“voicebox”)
Fig. 23-4

13. LARYNX (“voicebox”) False vocal cords (vestibular folds)—superior
True vocal cords (vocal folds)—inferior, vibrate expelled air (speech)
Fig. 23-4

14. LARYNX (“voicebox”) Glottis—slit-like passage between the folds
Fig. 23-5

15. LARYNX (“voicebox”) Arytenoid cartilages Corniculate cartilages
Ladle-shaped; attach vocal cords posteriolaterally
Corniculate cartilages
Horn-shaped; articulate w/arytenoid cartilages
Fig. 23-4

16. LARYNX (“voicebox”)
Thyroid cartilage—large, shield-shaped. Anterior = “adam’s apple”
Cricoid cartilage—inferior to thyroid cartilage; ring-shaped
Fig. 23-4

17. TRACHEA (“windpipe”)
Fig. 23-6
(pseudostratified columnar epithelium, secretes mucous via goblet cells…cilia propel foreign objects in the mucous toward the throat)

18. TRACHEA (“windpipe”)
Tracheal cartilages/bands (c-shaped cartilage rings--reinforcement)
Down to sternal angle (T4-T5), then splits:
Primary bronchi (right, left) into each lung, then
Secondary bronchi
Tertiary bronchi
Bronchioles
“Respiratory Tree”
Fig. 23-6

19. Primary bronchi (right, left) into each lung, then
Secondary bronchi
Tertiary bronchi
Bronchioles
Fig

20. BRONCHIOLES then divide into:
Terminal bronchioles which divide into
Respiratory bronchioles (terminal branches) which divide into several
Alveolar ducts, which terminate into
Alveolar sacs—look like grape clusters
Alveoli—balloon-like expansions of sacs, simple squamous epithelium, combined with capillaries surrounding them, make the RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE---GAS EXCHANGE OCCURS HERE

21. BRONCHIOLES then divide into:
Fig
Terminal bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles (terminal branches)
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli

22. ALVEOLI: Alveolar ducts Alveolar sacs (common to many alveoli) Alveoli
(~150 million
per lung)
Fig

23. LUNGS Pulmonary artery (blood away from heart to lung)
Pulmonary vein (from lung to heart)
Lungs
Right has 3 lobes (superior, middle, inferior)
Left has 2 lobes (superior, inferior)

24. RIGHT: 3 lobes LEFT: 2 lobes
Fig. 23-7

25. PLEURAE (serous membrane, double-layered) Parietal layer = outer layer
Attached to thoracic walls and diaphragm
(Diaphragm = muscle)
Visceral layer = inner layer
Covers lung tissue

26. Additional terms: Respiratory System Pulmonary ventilation
Using respiration, it supplies the body with oxygen, gets rid of carbon dioxide
Pulmonary ventilation
Movement of air into/out of lungs (breathing) so gas exchange can occur at alveoli

27. Additional terms: External respiration Internal respiration
Gas exchange between blood and air-filled chambers of lungs
Oxygen loading, CO2 unloading
Internal respiration
Gas exchange between systemic blood and tissue cells
Oxygen unloading, CO2 loading

28. Microscope Work
Lung tissue
Trachea