1. Animal Form & Function
An animal’s form (anatomy) and its function (physiology) determine its niche (where is lives and what it does) within the biosphere.
Size & Shape- Body Design & Plan
product of natural selection by the environment
governed by the laws of physics
max wt. per wing span for flight
hydrodynamics for swimming speed

2. Exchange of energy with the Environment
Depends on the ability to provide an aqueous medium for the plasma membrane
dissolved nutrients must diffuse across the plasma membrane
all cells must have access to the same medium
extensively folded and branched cells provide a means for accomplishing this when the surface area is very small
remember that larger animals have smaller surface areas
whale - small
hydra - large surface area
hard coverings help prevent water loss enabling a complex organism to live on land

3. Tissue Form leads to Specialized Function
Epithelial tissue
covers the outside of the body and lines organs & cavities
closely joined
functions as a barrier against microbial attack and water loss
Modifiers
Glandular
secretes and absorbs chemicals
mucus membrane
simple epithelium
single layered
stratified epithelium
multiple layers
structural shapes
cuboidal - square
columnar - rectangular
squamous - flat

4. Connective tissue binds and supports tissues
primarily made of proteins
Types
collagenous
made of collagen (most abundant protein in animals)
nonelastic, strong (helps skin resist tearing)
Elastic fibers
long fibers made of elastin
rubbery - (helps skin come back to shape)
Reticular fibers
meshwork of collagenous fibers that connects connective tissue to neighboring tissues

5. Specialized Connective Tissue
Human examples of connective tissue
loose connective tissue (fibroblasts, macrophages)
adipose tissue
blood
bone
fibrous connective tissue
cartilage

6. Muscle Tissue made of long contractile muscle fibers
contractile unit is called a myofibril
made primarily of actin and myosin
arranged in parallel
most abundant tissue in the body using the majority of the bodies energy resources
Types in Humans
skeleton - locomotion, voluntary
smooth - involuntary
cardiac - heart

7. Nervous Tissue
Senses stimuli and transmits message in the form on nerve impulses
to another nerve unit or a motor unit (muscle)
functional unit is the neuron (nerve cell)
concentrated in the brain and spinal chord

8. Organs and organ systems
organs are an aggregate of tissues for a specific purpose
tissues can be arranged in layers or can be of a single type
vertebrate organs are contained in connective tissue called mesenteries within fluid filled cavities
thoracic cavity
heart & lungs
abdominal cavity
kidneys, stomach, intestines
separated by diaphragm
organ systems must be coordinated to provide the organism the support necessary for stasis (normal life function)