1. 1. What is “insight” learning? A mental process marked by the sudden and expected solution to a problem Often called the “ah-ha!” experience

2. 2. Who first claimed that non-humans are capable of insight? Wolfgang Köhler

3. 3. Discuss the criticism this person received for his claim. He did not explain how chimps solved the problem; he just described the process. The chimps needed prior experience getting or retrieving objects

4. 10. What is prepared learning (preparedness)? The innate or biological tendency of animals to recognize, attend to, and store certain cues over others As well as to associate some combinations of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli more easily than others

5. Examples of prepared learning: Rats learn to associate smell and taste cues very quickly (learned taste aversions) Children are prepared to learn to walk upright; learn quickly through trial and error and observation People are more likely to develop phobias for dangerous creatures

6. 5. What is imprinting? Inherited tendencies or responses that are displayed by newborn animals when they encounter certain stimuli in their environment It helps the young survive by staying close to their mothers

7. 6. How are learned food aversions an example of prepared learning? Animals (and humans) can become classically conditioned after only one pairing, and quickly learn what foods to avoid

8. 7. Provide an example of a biological factor that prevents learning. Chimps do not have the vocal structure, or brain structure, to speak

9. 8. What are the advantages of the time-out procedure as compared to using positive punishment? Positive punishment may cause negative emotional reactions as well as negative feelings toward the punisher (parents) Parents may serve as model of aggressive behavior that the children may imitate

10. 8. Suzuki Method The Suzuki Method uses Bandura’s principles of observational learning 1. Only teach if the child is paying attention 2. Until the child has the memory abilities to learn musical notation, use other methods 3. Children must have the motor skills necessary to imitate the physical behaviors; start with miniature instruments 4. Motivate the children by playing games; do not push them beyond their ability