1. ATTITUDES Learning Objectives: 1) Understand the nature and origin of attitudes. 2) Explore the influences of attitudes on sporting performance and lifestyle. 5 min starter: What are your attitudes towards these athletes? What do you think these athletes’ attitudes are? WHY?

2. ATTITUDES IN SPORT ATTITUDE: A pre-disposition (mixture) of beliefs or feelings or behaviours towards an attitude (object, something, someone). a combination of beliefs and feelings about : – objects – people – situations – (called attitude objects) this predisposes us to behave in a certain way towards them learned or organised through experience (Bandura.......??) evaluative they lead us to think and behave positively or negatively about an attitude object tend to be deep seated and enduring but can change or be changed (Bandura.......??) Attitudes What are your attitudes towards these athletes? What do you think these athletes’ attitudes are? WHY? Beliefs and feelings towards..... Learned through......... Experiences Behave positively/ negatively because..... How do others behave towards them/you?? Either for you OR one of the athletes pictured, re-think your starter Q.

3. PREJUDICE AND SPORT STEREOTYPES NEGATIVE STEREOTYPES women in strength, endurance and contact sports participation of the disabled in physical activity older age groups interest and ability at sport participation of particular ethnic groups in specific sports or positions within teams examples : – the black quarterback in American Football – the black sprinter – the white skier / swimmer Attitudes PREJUDICE a prejudgement of a person, group, or situation usually based on inadequate information or inaccurate or biased information which reinforces stereotypes example : –women are often excluded from male dominated sports clubs or events POSITIVE STREOTYPES Favouritism

4. FORMATION OF ATTITUDES Attitudes Socialisation: Interaction with others that may modify behaviour. Culture: religion race peer groups social class

5. POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ATTITUDES TO SPORT POSITIVE ATTITUDES has a positive physical self-concept satisfaction from participation in sport believe sport promotes health success at sport willing to try new activities encouraged by significant others participates regularly opportunity to participate Attitudes NEGATIVE ATTITUDES had negative experiences at sport have lifestyle which makes regular sport difficult find sport frustrating lack encouragement unlikely to participate in sport have a negative self concept find sport boring

6. COMPONENTS OF ATTITUDE - THE TRIADIC MODEL Attitudes

7. Exam Q’s Jan 2011 Having a good attitude towards sport or physical activities is often regarded as important for success and to maintain a healthy lifestyle. Identify what is meant by an attitude and describe the components of attitudes that young people might have towards sport and health. [4] Specimen Identify the cognitive, affective and behavioural components of a positive attitude towards participation in sport and towards following an active and healthy lifestyle. Identify the influences that might affect such an attitude. [5]

8. Jan 2011

9. Specimen

10. ATTITUDE CHANGE BY PERSUASION AND COGNITIVE DISSONANCE PERSUASIVE COMMUNICATION the person must – pay attention – understand – accept – retain – the message being given the coach must – be expert – be trustworthy the message must – be clear – be unambiguous – be balanced between emotion and logic – be balanced between pros and cons COGNITIVE DISSONANCE the person must – be consistent between cognitive affective behavioural components the person must be consistent between different elements cognitive dissonance occurs hence attitudes must change – if two factual elements of attitude conflict – example : the smoker who knows that smoking is bad for health Attitudes

11. MEASUREMENT OF ATTITUDES BY OBSERVATION related to actual events as they are happening difficult to quantify or measure open to interpretation by observer USING PHYSIOLOGICAL TESTS indicators such as – blood pressure – skin conductivity – brain activity (ECG) can be interpreted to indicate telling the truth – about an attitude object measurable independent of observer but takes a long time to set up requiring special apparatus QUESTIONNAIRES only as good as the questions asked measurable using – Thurstone scale – Likert scale – Osgood’s Semantic Differential Scale Attitudes

12. Guttman Scaling Thurstone Scaling General Scaling http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/sca lgen.php