1. Is-Ought Fallacy Slippery slope fallacy Part to Whole Fallacy Whole to Part Fallacy
Week 10

2. Is Ought Fallacy
The is-ought fallacy occurs when the assumption is made that because things are a certain way, they should be that way. It can also consist of the assumption that because something is not now occurring, this means it should not occur.

3. Example
Just because murder exists among humans does not mean that it ought to exist...
The 2nd Amendment states that we have the right to bear arms. It is fact that we have the right to bear arms. Does that mean we ought to bear arms? Not necessarily... Not everyone chooses to own gun even if they have the right to do so

4. Slippery Slope Fallacy
When a relatively insignificant first event is suggested to lead to a more significant event, which in turn leads to a more significant event, and so on, until some ultimate, significant event is reached, where the connection of each event is not only unwarranted, but with each step it becomes more and more improbable.
Exception: When a chain of events has an inevitable cause and effect relationship, as in a mathematical, logical, or physical certainty, it is not a fallacy.

5. Example
We cannot unlock our child from the closet because if we do, she will want to roam the house.  If we let her roam the house, she will want to roam the neighborhood.  If she roams the neighborhood, she will get picked up by a stranger in a van, who will sell her into a slave ring in some other country.  Therefore, we should keep her locked up in the closet.

6. Example

7. Part to Whole Fallacy
The fallacy is committed when a conclusion is drawn about a whole based on the features of its constituents when, in fact, no justification provided for the inference. There are actually two types of this fallacy, both of which are known by the same name (because of the high degree of similarity).
Also known as The fallacy of composition
Exception: If the whole is very close to the similarity of the parts, then more assumptions can be made from the parts to the whole. 

8. Example
Atoms are colorless. Cats are made of atoms, so cats are colorless

9. Example

10. Whole to Part fallacy
Where someone asserts that what is true of part of something must also be true of the whole thing together.
Also known as stereotyping
Tip:When faced with this in a debate or discussion one will have to persistently funnel the talk back to the division from the original truth. The tricky thing about this is that it starts with a true statement, often times both people will agree on the premise. Then a conclusion is made, believed to be logical in nature, but it is actually a logical fallacy. Just focus on the division, the focal point at where truth becomes “not truth”.

11. Example
"The ball is blue, therefore the atoms that make it up are also blue."