1. The Early Republic Presidents
Our “Founding Fathers” take the Constitution for a real life test drive!

2. Precedents (examples) for others to follow
Question:
Chose the first cabinet (Adams-VP, Jefferson-Secretary of State, Hamilton-Treasury, and Knox-War) important leaders who were capable and intelligent to help carry out laws and lead.
Served only two terms – limited power of the president (no king)
What important precedents (examples) did he set? Why were they so important?
Washington knew how important his actions would be: “There is scarcely any part of my conduct which may not hereafter be drawn into precedent”(Prentice Hall page 278).

3. George Washington as President (same question)
Precedents continued:
Stopped Whiskey Rebellion – Washington led troops to stop it.
Importance: Showed the new government’s power and mercy.
Pennsylvania farmers protesting the Whiskey Tax. Washington led troops to stop it.
He pardoned (forgave) the leaders.
This showed the new government’s power and mercy. It is strong enough but it can be trusted!

4. What did Washington do as president?
Increased power
Served for four terms
Set important precedents
All of the above
None of the above

5. Why was the Whiskey Rebellion important?
It showed the weakness of the Articles of Confederation.
It showed the power and mercy of the new government.
Washington punished the protesters and became very powerful.
The protest spread and led to the Civil War.

6. George Washington as President
Precedent’s continued:
Neutral in Foreign policy:
Washington announced the Neutrality Proclamation to stay out of the war between France and Britain.
Jay’s Treaty kept the US out of war (allowed the US to grow)
French Revolution led to a fight between France and Britain.
Washington announced the Neutrality Proclamation to stay out of the fight. Britain began to seize American ships, he sent John Jay (Chief Justice) to negotiate a treaty (to keep peace ). Jefferson (Secretary of State) was mad – he formed his own political party.

7. George Washington as President
Question:
Answer:
What were the important accomplishments of his administration?
Judiciary Act
Set up a five justice Supreme Court.
Established a system of courts for the nation

8. Court of Last Resort
Appeals Courts
Trial Courts
The pyramid like system continues today. The Supreme Court is called the “court of last resort” because its decisions are final.

9. STOP
List five accomplishments of Washington’s Administration on your right page.

10. How did Washington handle the French Revolution?
He sided with France.
He sided with Britain
He issued the Neutrality Proclamation.
He agreed to the Treaty of Paris

11. What did Washington do as president?
Passed the Judiciary Act
Served two terms
Stayed neutral
All of the above
None of the above

12. Hamilton and his plan Pay off all federal and state debt
National Bank for bonds and money
Taxes (a tariff – tax on imports)
The Secretary of the Treasury had a plan to build the economy. However, southern conservatives thought it was unfair. It was too much government power. Many Southern states had repaid debt. Meaning they were paying for the Northern states’ debt. Also, the plan rewarded people who had bought up old bonds (speculators). Finally the tariff helped Northern factories and hurt southern farmers. This led to sectionalism and political parties!

13. Analyze the diagrams: Can you explain how the tariff works?

14. Question: What did Hamilton’s plan lead to?
Answer: America begins to be pulled apart again
Sectionalism – People see themselves as “Northerners” or “Southerners” because of the different economies, politics, and ways of life.
Political Parties formed because of growing Federal government power and foreign policy (who to support France or Britain?).
Nation’s Capital moved to the South – another attempt at a compromise!
STOP – use the last three slides to explain why the plan is controversial on your right page!

15. The First Political Parties
Political Parties formed (Jefferson and the conservative Democratic Republicans vs. Hamilton and the liberal Federalists) because of:
Hamilton’s Plan – Federalists for it Democratic-Republicans against
Foreign Policy – Federalists supported the British and the D-R’s supported the French.

16. What was Hamilton’s Plan?
Create political parties and a national bank
Pay off all debt, national bank, and a protective tariff.
Stay neutral, a national bank, and a Whiskey Tax
Allow states to pay off debts and create state banks

17. What were the first two political parties?
Federalists and Democratic-Republicans
Federalists and Antifederalists
Democrats and Republicans
Americans and Patriots

18. STOP
ANSWER THE WASHINGTON ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS!
THEN SHOW ME

19. John Adams – Difficult times
Election of 1796
Adams (Federalist) won and Jefferson (Democratic-Republican) finished second
By rule Jefferson became the Vice President
The political enemies could not work together!

20. XYZ Affair leads to a party split!
XYZ Affair with France:
France began seizing ships because of Jay’s Treaty
The French demanded money (a bribe) to stop
Hamilton wanted war with France to destroy Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans (make them look like traitors)!
Adams avoided war by building frigates (big gun ships) but upset Hamilton this led to a split in the Federalist party split

21. Laws passed to keep power!
Alien and Sedition Acts:
Laws passed so the Federalists can keep power)
Aliens could only vote after many years in the Nation
Sedition (talking against the government) could lead to jail time!

22. The Conservative Fight Back!
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions:
Madison and Jefferson argued that states could nullify (ignore) national government laws!
This was a key argument for states’ rights and helped lead to the Civil War!

23. STOP ANSWER THE RIGHT PAGE QUESTIONS:
Why did he have a difficult presidency?
Why will the resolutions lead to problems in the future?

24. Why did political parties form?
Because of the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions and the Alien and Sedition Acts
Differences over Hamilton’s Plan and foreign policy
Washington started the Federalists and Jefferson responded by forming his party
Hamilton was unhappy with Jefferson’s economic plan

25. Why were the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions important?
It set a precedent for judicial review which increased the power of the president
They argued for states to nullify laws and states’ rights leading to the Civil War
They increased the power of the national government
They made Jefferson angry and led to political parties

26. What caused the problems Adams had with France?
France invaded the US.
France seized US ships and demanded money to stop.
Napoleon tried to sell Louisiana to the US for too much money.
All of the above
None of the above

27. What happened to the Federalist Party during Adams’ administration?
It took total control of the government.
It was destroyed.
The party supported states’ rights.
It split into two groups over the XYZ affair.

28. How did Adams solve the problems with France?
He created an alliance with Britain
He built frigates to protect U.S. shipping
He called for an invasion of Canada
He sent people to negotiate with the French

29. What were the Alien and Sedition Acts?
Laws passed by the Federalists to keep power
Laws passed by the Democratic Republicans to control the government
Acts that gave immigrants a path to citizenship
Acts that ended Hamilton’s Plan

30. How did Jefferson handle the problems in foreign policy
He issued the Neutrality Proclamation.
He convinced Congress to pass the Embargo and Non-intercourse Acts.
He sent John Jay to negotiate a treaty.
He offered to trade with the first nation that would respect U.S. neutrality.

31. 1. Jefferson and his goals
Jefferson’s Goals:
Democratize America by making the country bigger so that more people can own land (So they can vote and be involved in government).
Make the government smaller, weaker, and keep it out of the economy
Laissez faire and free market economy, no tariff, and make the government smaller.
Reconcile (get over) party differences by keeping some Federalist ideas (national bank and pay debts).

32. What hurt Jefferson’ Plans?
Marbury v Madison –precedent (example) for Judicial Review.
Courts would have the power to overrule any law or action (including Congress, the president, and even the states!)
National government power grows (win for the Federalists and liberals)!
John Marshall - Chief Justice of the Supreme Court –served for over thirty years was a Federalist who supported power of national government.

33. Achieving one goal at a cost!
2. The Louisiana Purchase
US bought the land from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains
Doubled size of the US, opened land up for more farmers (Jefferson’s goals farmers will be landowners = voters!)
Caused arguments over slavery, immigration, Indian problems, and transportation inventions, and expanded presidential power.

34. Lewis and Clark Chose Lewis and Clark to explore the land:
They went to the Pacific Ocean with the help of Sacagawea and other Native Americans.
Mapped the territory and opened land for Americans to settle.

35. What were Jefferson’s goals?
To reconcile differences with the Federalists
To reduce the size of the government and keep it out of the economy
To democratize the government
All of the above
None of the above

36. How did Jefferson attempt to achieve his goals?
Keeping the tariff and the National Bank
Getting more land so there would be more voters
With Marbury v. Madison
All of the above
None of the above

37. What hurt Jefferson’s ability to achieve his goals?
The Louisiana Purchase made the country larger making room for more voters
Lewis and Clark opened land for settlers
The case of Marbury v. Madison increased government power.
The National Bank went out of business creating inflation and depression

38. Why was the Louisiana Purchase important?
It doubled the size of the United States
It opened land for slavery
It increased the power of the president
All of the above
None of the above

39. Foreign Policy Problems
3. Embargo Act to stay neutral
European nations did not respect American neutrality:
Both Britain and France began to seize American trading ships again!
British began impressment of American sailors (force sailors to work on their ships – almost like kidnapping).

40. The Embargo
Jefferson wanted to stay neutral, he convinced Congress to pass the Embargo Act
Nobody in America could trade with any foreign countries.
Hurt the American economy. Millions of dollars were lost
Made Northerners very upset – leading to more sectionalism!
Congress passed the Non Intercourse Act allowing trade with countries other than France and Britain. It led to ship seizing and impressment again!

41. What problems did Jefferson encounter in foreign policy?
Britain and France worked together to blockade the U.S.
The British invaded from Canada
The French sold Louisiana to Jefferson for 15 million dollars
Both the British and French seized American ships.

42. How did Jefferson handle the problems in foreign policy
He issued the Neutrality Proclamation.
He convinced Congress to pass the Embargo and Non-intercourse Acts.
He sent John Jay to negotiate a treaty.
He offered to trade with the first nation that would respect U.S. neutrality.

43. What was the result of the Embargo Act?
Sectionalism increased
The Federal government power decreased
Millions of dollars were made
All of the above
None of the above

44. James Madison Faced many problems:
Native Americans, pressured for war, ship seizing and impressment, and sectionalism.

45. Problems with Natives:
Different culture meant different beliefs about land
Indians had helped the British during the Revolution
This led to the Battle of Tippecanoe – Americans (led by William Henry Harrison) defeated the natives.
British supplied Indians and told them to attack Americans 
Tecumseh formed a confederation of natives to save lands

46. Pressure for War from the War Hawks
Young Democratic Republicans who wanted war against Britain because:
They were anti-British, impressment, Jay’s Treaty and ship seizing, British helped the Natives, wanted to take over Canada and Florida, and, NATIONALISM!

47. Trade and the war between Britain and France
Americans wanted to trade with all nations
Ship seizing and British impressment continued

48. War of 1812
Madison offered to trade with the first nation that respected American neutrality. France quickly agreed.
America and France became allies and the British started to blockade US ports.
Fighting broke out at sea and Madison asked Congress to declare war.

49. War of 1812 (continued) The war lasted 2 years and nothing was solved.
Washington D.C. was burned and Francis Scott Key wrote the Star Spangled Banner (our National Anthem) based on the events at Fort McHenry.
In the end the Treaty of Ghent set things back to the way that they were before the war.