1. 1 herbert van de sompel CS 502 Computing Methods for Digital Libraries Cornell University – Computer Science Herbert Van de Sompel herbertv@cs.cornell.edu Lecture 3 Some bibliographic concepts

2. 2 herbert van de sompel Content, Data, Metadata -- informal definitions Content refers to digital library materials as information that is of interest to a user. It is the human view of information: musical work Beethoven's Fifth Symphony databaseGenome Database bookGone with the wind web sitewww.whitehouse.gov softwareMathematica

3. 3 herbert van de sompel Content, Data, Metadata -- informal definitions Data emphasizes on the bits and bytes to be processed by a computer. It is the computer representation of information: bits and bytes compression schemes files, directories data structures servers and disk stores

4. 4 herbert van de sompel Content, Data, Metadata -- informal definitions Metadata is data about data/content. Descriptive metadata Administrative metadata Structural metadata Technical metadata

5. 5 herbert van de sompel Bibliographic system (part of the Service of libraries) Bibliographic system ~ provides a user with an organized view of content in a collection object = piece of content bibliographic system collection descriptive metadata: works creators subjects objectives?

6. 6 herbert van de sompel Variants of a work: to be reflected in bibliographic system Psycho Killer The score by David Byrne The original recording by Talking Heads Psycho Chicken (cover) by The Fools My personal copy of that single A live performance by the Fools in 1981 The 45 RPM single released in 1979

7. 7 herbert van de sompel IFLA Model to represent object variants: entities Entities are the key objects of interest to users of bibliographic data (i.e. of a bibliographic system): Group 1 - products of intellectual endeavor: work, expression, manifestation, item Group 2 – the parties responsible for the intellectual content: person, corporate body Group 3 – the subjects of intellectual endeavor: concept, object, event, place IFLA model is a conceptual framework. It does not provide rigorous definitions

8. 8 herbert van de sompel IFLA Model: work, expression, manifestation, item A work is an abstract entity; it reflects content e.g. The Iliad The Computer Science departmental web site Beethoven's Fifth Symphony Unix operating system The Bible This is roughly equivalent to the concept of "literary work" used in copyright law.

9. 9 herbert van de sompel IFLA Model: work, expression, manifestation, item An expression is a realization of a work; it reflects content e.g. The Iliad has oral expressions and written expressions A musical work has a score, live performance(s), an original recording, cover(s),.... Many works have only a single expression, e.g. a web page, or a book which only has a single edition, a painting, a medieval manuscript.

10. 10 herbert van de sompel IFLA Model: work, expression, manifestation, item A manifestation is the concrete embodiment of an expression; it reflects physical form e.g. The text of The Iliad has been manifest in numerous manuscripts and printed books. A musical recording can be distributed on CD, LP, or broadcast on radio.

11. 11 herbert van de sompel IFLA Model: work, expression, manifestation, item When many copies are made of a manifestation, each copy is a separate item, e.g. the Cornell Library’s copy of an edition of the Iliad your copy of the Beastie Boys’ Ill Communication CD

12. 12 herbert van de sompel work Psycho Killer CONTENTCONTENT IFLA Model: work, expression, manifestation, item

13. 13 herbert van de sompel work expression Psycho Killer The score by David Byrne The original recording by Talking Heads Psycho Chicken (cover) by The Fools CONTENTCONTENT IFLA Model: work, expression, manifestation, item

14. 14 herbert van de sompel work expression manifestation Psycho Killer The score by David Byrne The original recording by Talking Heads Psycho Chicken (cover) by The Fools CONTENTCONTENT PHYSICALPHYSICAL A live performance by the Fools in 1981 The 45 RPM single released in 1979 IFLA Model: work, expression, manifestation, item

15. 15 herbert van de sompel work expression manifestation item Psycho Killer The score by David Byrne The original recording by Talking Heads Psycho Chicken (cover) by The Fools CONTENTCONTENT PHYSICALPHYSICAL My personal copy of that single A live performance by the Fools in 1981 The 45 RPM single released in 1979 IFLA Model: work, expression, manifestation, item

16. 16 herbert van de sompel work expression manifestation item An endeavor in high energy physics A peer-reviewed paper … An oral presentation… A preprint … CONTENTCONTENT PHYSICALPHYSICAL The copy of the TeX version on the Italian mirror of arXiv.org TeX version posted by the author to arXiv.org PDF version created by arXiv.org IFLA Model: work, expression, manifestation, item

17. 17 herbert van de sompel Bibliographic system (part of the Service of libraries) Bibliographic system ~ provides a user with an organized view of content in a collection object = piece of content bibliographic system collection descriptive metadata bundles related content

18. 18 herbert van de sompel Objectives of a bibliographic system 1. To locate objects in a file or database as the result of a search using attributes or relationships of the objects: To find a singular object (known item search) To locate sets of objects representing (search): All objects corresponding to the same work, expression, manifestation All objects by a given author All objects about a given author All objects on a given subject All objects published by a given publisher All objects defined by other criteria (cf. IFLA entities)

19. 19 herbert van de sompel Objectives of a bibliographic system 2. To identify an object (i.e. confirm that a described object corresponds to the sought object or distinguish between objects with similar characteristics) 3. To select an object that is appropriate to the user’s need 4. To obtain access to an object (purchase, loan, license, …) 5. To navigate the file or database (browse)

20. 20 herbert van de sompel References IFLA Study group on the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records: final report. 1998. http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr.pdf (chapter 3) Svenonius, E. 2000. The Intellectual Foundation of Information Organization. MIT Press. http://www.netlibrary.com/SUMMARY.ASP?EV=1627610&I D=39954 (part of chapter 2)