1. BIOTECHNOLOGY Chapter 13

2. Selective Breeding w Done for thousands of years w “Farmer Brown” w Produce desirable traits w “mother nature” to alter genes w Requires time

3. 1. Inbreeding - Crossing similar genotypes w Closely related w Maintains desirable traits w Produces undesirable traits w Done with horses, dogs, cattle, plants

4. Golden Retriever Puppies If inbreed incorrectly may have problems with hip dysplasia, ears, eyes….

5. 2. Hybridization- Crossing different genotypes w Combines desirable traits of both parents w “hybrid vigor” - healthier offspring w Offspring usually sterile w Horses + donkeys = mule

6. Sweet & Hardy Corn Most crop plants have been hybridized for certain traits. Traits like : more vitamins, certain colors/flavors, larger, won’t freeze…

7. 3. Mutations w Are changes in DNA w Ultimate source of variation! w Occur unexpected & randomly w Scientists speed up mutations by exposing organisms to chemicals or radiation

8. Radiated to produce small or no seeds Seedless Oranges Drawback – loose flavor

9. Genetic Engineering growing field of careers w Technique used to identify and/or alter genes at the molecular level w Faster method w Requires equipment, money

10. Genetic engineering 1. DNA fingerprinting by gel electrophoresis 2. PCR amplifies DNA 3. Transformation of DNA Transgenic organisms GMO foods Cloning

11. DNA fingerprinting w An identification system for individuals w A unique pattern of bands that represent segments of a person’s DNA w The process is known as gel electrophoresis

12. DNA is cut into segments with restriction enzymes DNA is poured into agarose gel and electric current is added DNA segments travel across gel and appear as bands when dye is added How does it work ? ? ?

13. How they are used w Scientists look for matching bands 1. Comparisons with crime scene sample can ID individuals as guilty or innocent 2. Paternity testing Suspect #1 Suspect #2 Crime scene evidence

14. Who is the father?...... ChildF1F2F3F4

15. Cell Transformation w DNA from one organism is taken into another ( sometimes unrelated ) organism w Tools required: 1.Restriction enzymes to cut DNA at specific sites 2.Vectors - “DNA taxis” to move the gene ( virus or plasmids)

16. Restriction Enzymes w Recognize DNA palindromes ex: RACECAR w Cut at specific sites

17. How Restriction Enzymes Work

18. Plasmid Vectors w Small circular pieces of bacterial DNA w Sections of DNA can be: removed manipulated reinserted by “gluing” back into DNA using the base pairing rule!

19. Plasmid Vectors

20. Producing a Trangenic Organism

21. Applications of DNA Technology w Transgenic bacteria “Ice minus” gene, nitrogen fixing gene “oil eaters” HGH, insulin, interferon

22. w Transgenic plants resistant to herbicides produce own pesticide more protein prevent rotting more nutritious Broccoflower and Purple Cauliflower Aggie Beta-sweet Carrot

23. w Transgenic animals cows with more milk goats, pigs, cows with human proteins cow milk with missing enzymes cloning + = “silk milk” = light weight with steel strength

24. Cloning w Donated egg has nucleus removed w Fertilized using electricity with a diploid body cell w Implanted into surrogate mother to grow and develop

25. History of Cloning >>click on diagram to connect to internet

26. Gene Therapy w changing a gene that causes a genetic disorder w The bad gene is replaced with a working gene that makes the needed protein w Ex: Cystic Fibrosis inhalers

27. Homework w Read the article on page 330 w Write answers to #1 & #2