1. Obesity, Diabetes, and Physical Activity Lee Silvernail

2. Objectives Terminology and Classification of Obesity and Diabetes. –Overweight –Obesity –Body mass index (BMI) –Type 1 Diabetes –Type 2 Diabetes Prevalence of Health problems associated with Obesity and Diabetes. Treatment of Obesity and Diabetes Role of Physical Activity when dealing with obesity and diabetes. (Wilmore, Costill, and Kenney 2008). Signs or symptoms associated with diabetes. Testing (American Heart Association 2009)

3. Obesity Terminology and Classification Overweight –Weight that exceeds normal, based on height and size. Obesity –Excessive body fat Men-over 25% body fat Women – over 35% body fat Body Mass Index –Most widely used tool to estimate obesity. BMI Formula BMI = ( Weight in Kilograms / ( Height in Meters ) x ( Height in Meters ) (Wilmore, Costill, and Kenney 2008)

4. Obesity Prevalence –31% of men and 33% of women in the United States are classified as obese. Over 70% of men and almost 62% of women in the United States are either overweight or obese. –Between 1976-1980 obesity rates increased by 62% in men and 52% in women. –After 25 years of age the average person gains one to two pounds per year. Multiply that by 30 years, that constitutes a major problem presenting itself in spiraling health care costs! (Wilmore, Costill, and Kenney 2008)

5. Obesity Prevalence of Health Problems –Heart disease –Hypertension –Type II diabetes –Cancer –Gall bladder disease –Osteoarthritis (Wilmore, Costill, and Kenney 2008)

6. Obesity Treatment Diet & Physical Activity Reduce intake of fat and simple sugars. Weight loss should not be greater than 1-2 lbs a week. To maintain weight one should match the energy consumed with the energy expended. Avoid the use of surgery & Drugs unless directed by physician. (Wilmore, Costill, and Kenney 2008)

7. Diabetes Role of Physical Activity Physical training can alter your body shape. By participating in physical activity your body will burn calories during and after the exercise period. Most successful attempts of weight loss are done by losing 1 to 2 pounds a week. Many diets that involve quick losses of weight are usually the result of water loss, and are not structured for long term results. (Wilmore, Costill, and Kenney 2008)

8. Diabetes Terminology and Classification Type 1-(Insulin-dependent) –Caused by the inability of the pancreas to produce sufficient insulin. 5 to 10% of all cases are credited to type 1 diabetes. –People with type 1 diabetes are prone to hypoglycemia or low blood sugar during and after exercise. – Type 1 diabetes usually is diagnosed early as a child or young adult. Without out an insulin shot, many patients would die. Type 1 diabetes was formally know as juvenile diabetes. (Wilmore, Costill, and Kenney 2008)

9. Diabetes Terminology and Classification –Type II (non insulin-dependent) Inability of insulin to assist the transport of glucose into the cells. Most common form of diabetes and usually effects adults, around the age of 35 to 40. Accounts for 90% to 95% of all cases. Linked with obesity and may be postponed or restricted with diet and exercise. (American Heart Association 2009)

10. Diabetes Type II Type II diabetes occurs because the body may not be producing enough insulin or the cell is ignoring the insulin. Insulin is needed for our bodies to use sugar. Sugar provides energy for the cells in our bodies, and the job of the insulin is to take the sugar from the blood into our cells. If glucose builds up in the blood instead of providing energy for the cells it can lead to two problems. 1.The cells may be starved and not receive any energy. 2.The high glucose levels will cause damage to your heart, kidneys, nerves, or eyes. (American Heart Association 2009)

11. Diabetes Prevalence of Health problems Type II Diabetes contributes to about 225,000 U.S. deaths per year. Type II Diabetes is more frequent in people who are: –Over 45 years old –Overweight –African American –Latino/Hispanic American –Native American –Asian American or Pacific Islander –Family history of the disease. (American Heart Association 2009) –14.6 million people are currently diagnosed in United States, and 6.2 million that are undiagnosed. (Wilmore, Costill, and Kenney 2008)

12. Diabetes Treatment Type I –Insulin Shots Daily –Diet Must regulate blood sugar constantly, if it gets to low they could die. –Exercise Dangerous for those with severe degree of hypoglycemia. Glucose levels may be unmanageable because the liver cannot keep up with intensity of the exercise. (Wilmore, Costill, and Kenney 2008).

13. Diabetes Treatment Type II –Weight Loss Reduced calorie diet is the safest and most effective approach to take. –Exercise Exercise will decrease the insulin resistance and increase insulin sensitivity. This will allow for better glucose transport across the cell membrane. –Diet – Low carbohydrate diet can be dangerous since it leads to an increase in dietary fat which can have an negative effect on blood lipid levels. (Wilmore, Costill, and Kenney 2008)

14. Diabetes Whole Grain Foods –Evidence suggest that whole grain foods may help protect against diabetes, but has not been confirmed yet. –A cohort study concluded that it was clear that the greater the consumption of whole grain food the lower the risk of getting type 2 diabetes. –The study concluded that a two-serving-per-day increment in whole grain consumption was associated with a 21% decrease in risk of type 2 diabetes. (de Munter et al. 2007)

15. Diabetes Role of Physical Activity –Type I Results of regular exercise and resistance training for regulating sugar levels is controversial. Those with type I diabetes are more prone to low blood sugar levels during and after exercise. Making it difficult and dangerous to maintain a workout regimen. –Type II Exercise has many positive effects, the muscle contraction in resistance training has an insulin-like effect. (Wilmore, Costill, and Kenney 2008)

16. Diabetes Role of physical activity: –Men who are fit are 52% less likely to be diagnosed with diabetes than those that are the least fit. –Very overweight men are nearly three times more likely to get pre- diabetes or diabetes than those of normal weight. –In conclusion, unfit overweight men are almost six times more likely to get diabetes compared to men who were normal weight and fit. (Munter 2009)

17. Diabetes Warning Signs Type 1 diabetes: –Increased or extreme thirst –Increased or frequent urination –Unusual weight loss, despite increased appetite –Increased fatigue –Blurry vision –Fruity odor or breath (American Heart Association 2009)

18. Diabetes Symptoms Type II Diabetes: –Increased thirst –Increased hunger –Fatigue –Increased urination, especially at night. –Weight loss –Blurred vision (American Heart Association 2009)

19. Testing for Diabetes Types of Testing –Fast Plasma Glucose Test (FPG) –Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) (American Diabetes Association 2009)

20. Plasma Glucose Test Fast Plasma Glucose Test (FPG) –Fast, easy, less expensive then OGTT. –Recommended by the American Diabetes Association. –Readings between 100 and 125 mg/dl signals pre-diabetes. A reading of 126 mg/dl or higher indicates diabetes. American Diabetes Association (2009)

21. Oral Glucose Test Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) –OGTT takes longer because you must fast and wait two hours after drinking a glucose rich drink. Levels between 140 and 199 mg/dl indicate pre-diabetes. Levels at 200 mg/dl or higher indicates diabetes. (American Diabetes Association 2009)

22. Bibliography Diabetes. (n.d.). Retrieved April 21, 2009, from American Diabetes Association Web site: http://www.diabetes.orghttp://www.diabetes.org (Diabetes) Diabetes. (n.d.). Retrieved April 21, 2009, from American HeartAssociationWeb site: http://www.americanheart.org (Lee, 2009)Lee, D. (2009). Associations of cardiorespiratory fitness and obesity with risks of impaired fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes in men, 32: 257-32: 262. Munter, S. Whole grain, and germ intake and risk of type 2 Diabetes: A prospective cohort study and systematic review (August 2007) Wilmore, J.H., Costill, D.L., and Kenney, W.L. (2008). Physiology of Sport and Exercise (4th ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics