1. Lipid

2. The function of lipid Lipids are a class of biological molecules defined by low solubility in water and high solubility in nonpolar solvents. Function: Energy membrane

3. 5.· Fatty Acids Fatty acids are either saturated (all carbon- carbon bonds are single bonds) or unsaturated (with one or more double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain). If a fatty acid has a single double bond, it is said to be monounsaturated, and if it has more than one, polyunsaturated.

4. A list of the most abundant fatty acids (M table 10.1)

7. Composition of natural fats (M table 10.2)

8. 5.2 Triacylglycerol: the fat tristearin (M10.2)

10. Polar Bears Use Triacylglycerols to Survive Long Periods of Fasting

11. Whales and Arctic mammals rely on body fat for both insulation and energy reserves.

12. Glycerophospholipids A 1,2-diacylglycerol that has a phosphate group esterified at carbon atom 3 of the glycerol backbone is a glycerophospholipid, also known as a phosphoglyceride or a glycerol phosphatide

13. Phosphatidic acid, the parent compound for glycerophospholipids

14. The Most Common Phospholipids Phosphatidic acid phosphatidyleth- anolamine, is diphosphatidylglycerol

15. Structures of several glycerophospholipids and space-filling models of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylinositol.

16. A scheme of a micelle and a membrane (M10.5)

17. Soaps and detergents (M p 319) SDS Triton X-100

18. Phospholipids (M 10.6)

19. The hydrophilic groups of phospholipids (M10.7)

20. Structure of a typical membrane (M10.10)

21. Glycerophospholipid Degradation: One of the Effects of Snake Venoms The venoms of poisonous snakes contain (among other things) a class of enzymes known as phospholipases, enzymes that cause the breakdown of phospholipids.

23. Ether Glycerophospholipids Ether Glycerophospholipids Ether glycerophospholipids possess an ether linkage instead of an acyl group at the C-1 position of glycerol

24. A 1-alkyl 2-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (an ether glycerophospholipid).

25. The structure of 1-alkyl 2-acetyl- phosphatidylcholine, also known as platelet activating factor or PAF

26. The structure and a space-filling model of a choline plasmalogen.

27. 5.4 Other lipids Sphingolipids Waxs Terpens Cholesterol Steriod hormone

28. Sphingolipids often a hydrocarbon R group is attached to the NH 2 as in ceramide

29. General structure of glycosphingolipid (M p323)

30. A typical wax (M 10.4)

31. Cholesterol (M10.9)

32. Terpenes

35. Some other biologically active isoprenoid compounds or derivatives.

42. Steroid Hormones

43. Separation and analysis of lipid Lipid extraction requires organic solvent Adsorption chromatography separates lipids of different polarity Gas-Liquid Chromatography resolves mixtures of volatile lipid derivatives Specific hydrolysis(mild acid or alkaline treatment) aids in determination of lipid structure Mass spectrometry reveals complete lipid structure

44. The End