1. FRBR Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records What is FRBR and why is it important? Christine Oliver McGill University Libraries chris.oliver@mcgill.ca June 2004

2. Christine Oliver for CLA 2004 What is FRBR? final report of the IFLA Study Group on the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records approved by the Standing Committee of the IFLA Section on Cataloguing, Sept. 1997; published in 1998 by K.G. Saur freely available on the Web: http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr.htm http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr.pdf

3. Christine Oliver for CLA 2004 What is it really? the report had 2 purposes: 1. to provide a clearly defined, structured framework for relating the data that are recorded in bibliographic records to the needs of the users of those records 2. to recommend a basic level of functionality for records created by national bibliographic agencies (FRBR 1.1) report describes an entity-relationship model resulting from an analysis of the data in bibliographic records

4. Christine Oliver for CLA 2004 Purpose of the FRBR model user-focused approach to the bibliographic record to analyze which parts of the bibliographic record are used to respond to which user task to ensure that bibliographic record carries the right amount of information to respond to user needs efficiently

5. Christine Oliver for CLA 2004 FRBR conceptual model IFLA but not tied to ISBD not just for “library users” concepts and framework are applicable to any metadata about a product of intellectual and/or artistic endeavour

6. Christine Oliver for CLA 2004 User needs Find Identify Select Obtain Navigate

7. Christine Oliver for CLA 2004 FRBR model entities ● in bibliographic records ● important to the user ● divided into 3 groups attributes of the entities relationships between the entities

8. Christine Oliver for CLA 2004 Group 1 entities products of intellectual or artistic endeavour work expression manifestation item

9. Christine Oliver for CLA 2004 Group 1 entities: work is realized through expression is embodied in manifestation is exemplified by FRBR 3.1.1 item

10. Christine Oliver for CLA 2004 Example w = idea for the Robinson Crusoe story (in Defoe’s head) is realized through e = original English text as he wrote it is embodied in m = London, printed for W. Taylor, 1719 is exemplified by i = copy owned by Yale

11. Christine Oliver for CLA 2004 Group 2 entities those responsible for creating, producing, etc., the entities in group 1 person corporate body

12. Christine Oliver for CLA 2004 Group 3 entities subjects of works concept object event place + + all group 1 and 2 entities can also be subjects

13. Christine Oliver for CLA 2004 Attributes each entity has a set of characteristics or attributes (similar to data elements) attributes can be inherent or externally imputed

14. Christine Oliver for CLA 2004 Examples of attributes (group 1) work: title, form or genre, date, medium of performance, coordinates (map) … expression: title of the expression, form of the expression, language of the expression, type of score … manifestation: title of the manifestation, publisher, date of publication, form of carrier, dimensions, terms of availability… item: identifier (e.g. location and call no., barcode), provenance, condition, inscriptions …

15. Christine Oliver for CLA 2004 Examples of attributes (groups 2 + 3) person: names, dates, titles … corporate body: name, number, place … concept: term (i.e.word, phrase, or group of characters used to name or designate) e.g. economics object: term e.g. ships event: term e.g. Battle of Hastings place: term e.g. Ottawa

16. Christine Oliver for CLA 2004 Relationships links between entities (and the nature of the links) collocation assist the user to navigate through the catalogue or database ● relationships between entities of the different groups ● relationships between entities of the same group (esp. between group 1 entities)

17. Christine Oliver for CLA 2004 Examples of relationships (between groups) person/work created by person/expression realized by (as in performance) corporate body/manifestation produced by corporate body/item owned by concept/work is subject of object/work is subject of

18. Christine Oliver for CLA 2004 Example of a “family” or hierarchy of Group 1 entities: work expressions manifest. item Hamlet original text London, 1603 RBD New York, 1998 MCL BIRK French trans. (Gide) Paris, 1946 EDUC Neuchatel, 1949 MCL (Bonnefoy) Paris, 1978 MACD German trans. Hamburg, 1834 MUSIC audio-book Paris, 1983 REDP

19. Christine Oliver for CLA 2004 Example of work to work relationships Shakespeare, William,1564-1616.Hamlet. subject Modern Hamlets & their soliloquies Critical responses to Hamlet, 1600-1900 imitation Hamlet travestie transformation Hamlet : opéra en cinq actes / musique de Ambroise Thomas ; paroles de Michel Carré et Jules Barbier adaptation Hamlet : the young reader's Shakespeare : a retelling / by Adam McKeown

20. Christine Oliver for CLA 2004 Examples of relationships (within group 1) work to work successor supplement complement summarization adaptation transformation imitation work to work: whole/part

21. Christine Oliver for CLA 2004 Examples of relationships (within group 1) expression to expression (same work) abridgement revision translation arrangement (music) expression to expression (between different works) successor, supplement, etc. expression to work

22. Christine Oliver for CLA 2004 Examples of relationships (within group 1) manifestation to manifestation reproduction alternate whole/part manifestation to item reproduction item to item reconfiguration reproduction

23. Christine Oliver for CLA 2004 Why is the model useful? maps attributes and relationships to user tasks enables a better understanding of the components of the bibliographic record and their function and value to the user looks at the bibliographic record within the context of large databases broadens focus beyond manifestations

24. Christine Oliver for CLA 2004 Impact beyond original charge (record user) improve navigation focus on collocation reintroduce logical indexing vs. purely mechanical filing improve the display of information to the user improve index, sort and display in OPAC make relationships between resources explicit

25. Christine Oliver for CLA 2004 Current search (e.g. in WorldCat) title = Robinson Crusoe 4,620 records books, sound recordings, scores, etc. some sorting but no clear clustering according to bibliographic relationships

26. Christine Oliver for CLA 2004 FRBR-ized OPAC meaningful clustering of information clear difference between the work itself and related works ability to stay at general level to complete user tasks, or to bore down to specific expressions, manifestations, etc. clarity of relationships between the different bibliographic resources

27. Christine Oliver for CLA 2004 User-friendly display ti = Robinson Crusoe results should clearly show: the work vs related works indicate nature of relationship between the different expressions of the work original text, French translation, audio-book, illustrated edition cluster manifestations that are the same expression

28. Christine Oliver for CLA 2004 Example from WorldCat All = 4620Computer = 6 Books =4280Archival = 4 Sound =131Maps = 1 Visual = 117 Scores = 49 Internet = 20 Articles = 12

29. Christine Oliver for CLA 2004 Impact beyond original charge (record user) con’t organize information to suit a range of user needs does user need a particular manifestation? a particular expression? or does user want to see all expressions, all related works? improve response to user expectations user services in the OPAC at the level of specificity that user requires, e.g. holds

30. Christine Oliver for CLA 2004 Impact beyond original charge (record creator) focuses attention on where cataloguing codes need to be strengthened collocation (esp. indexed headings) information about relationships recording information in ways that allow the retrieval of appropriate sets of records ensure records carry information of value to the user

31. Christine Oliver for CLA 2004 Impact beyond original charge (record creator) con’t model puts some longstanding problems in perspective e.g. content vs. carrier (or format variation) different but how different where is carrier in the hierarchy? separation into abstract entities and physical embodiment entities 1 bibliographic resource — 4 entities (and 4 sets of attributes) 2 abstract entities, 2 physical entities

32. Christine Oliver for CLA 2004 Some current OPAC projects LC’s FRBR display tool AustLIT (gateway for Australian literature) VTLS Virtua (FRBR-ized OPAC) VisualCat (Danish cataloguing client (XML/RDF)) Variations 2 (Indiana University Digital Music Library Project) OCLC FictionFinder experiments to redesign WorldCat

33. Christine Oliver for CLA 2004 Projects to improve cataloguing rules IFLA and the ISBD community international cataloguing code for bibliographic description and access AACR community outcomes from the 1997 Toronto conference + conscious attempt to incorporate FRBR concepts and terminology AACR3

34. Christine Oliver for CLA 2004 IFLA Statement of International Cataloguing Principles broaden Paris Principles new principles build on the conceptual models of FRBR and FRANAR move toward an international cataloguing code affirm ISBDs as foundation for rules for description

35. Christine Oliver for CLA 2004 AACR community (1) 1997 International Conference on the Principles and Future Development of AACR basic principles content vs. carrier logical structure of AACR seriality internationalization

36. Christine Oliver for CLA 2004 AACR community (2) FRBR model provides new insights -- pushes us to look beyond description and access focus on the catalogue or database focus on user needs and objectives of the catalogue focus on communicating information about relationships between entities

37. Christine Oliver for CLA 2004 AACR3 revision work advancing on many fronts some revision tasks affect almost every chapter (e.g. FRBR terminology) incorporating FRBR terminology necessitates incorporating the concepts changes throughout AACR changes beyond the usual scope of amendments AACR3 targeted for 2007, with a general editor to consolidate the work

38. Christine Oliver for CLA 2004 FRBR’s benefits aims to get the user to the resource efficiently clarifies what is important in a bibliographic record clarifies organizing principles for structuring the display of large sets of records or metadata emphasizes the importance of relationships between resources

39. Christine Oliver for CLA 2004 FRBR’s benefits generated a re-examination of practices and rules presents a conceptual framework for this revision work which should increase clarity for users and maintain coherence and consistency in cataloguing rules a model to be maintained, expanded

40. Christine Oliver for CLA 2004 Continuing work & discussion further work on the model precision of boundaries between group 1 entities e.g. what constitutes a new expression? how to implement a FRBR-ized OPAC display structure of records in a FRBR database

41. Christine Oliver for CLA 2004 Continuing work & discussion validity of the concept of the super work entity/relationship model versus object oriented model usefulness of FRBR for other cultural heritage information, e.g. museum objects

42. Christine Oliver for CLA 2004 More Information FRBR Working Group: http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/wgfrbr/wgfrbr.htm Bibliography at FRBR WG site: http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/wgfrbr/bibliography.rtf Library of Congress display tool http://www.loc.gov/marc/marc-functional- analysis/tool.html International Cataloguing Principles (draft) http://www.ddb.de/news/pdf/statement_draft.pdf

43. Christine Oliver for CLA 2004 AACR3 (based on JSC documents) Joint Steering Committee develops Strategic Plan for AACR (2002-2004) http://www.collectionscanada.ca/jsc/stratplan.html purpose of AACR affirm the strengths of AACR goals for the next 5 years targets for achieving the goals

44. Christine Oliver for CLA 2004 Purpose of AACR multinational content standard providing bibliographic description and access for all media (aim to accommodate newly emerging types) independent of communication format developed for use in English language communities but can be used in other language communities enables users of library catalogues to find resources appropriate to their information needs

45. Christine Oliver for CLA 2004 Strengths of AACR based on firm principles used with all types of media flexible and allow for different levels of description enable consistency in practice and sharing of catalogue records continuity and also constantly evolving enable precision in searching independent of the format applicable in a range of systems

46. Christine Oliver for CLA 2004 Goals of AACR rules based on principles worldwide use but derived from English language conventions and customs easy to use and interpret applicable to/operate in Web-based environment effective bibliographic control of all media compatible with other standards for resource description and retrieval can be used beyond library community

47. Christine Oliver for CLA 2004 Targets target 1 = new edition in 2007 target 2 = outreach and alignment with other resource description standards target 3 = web-based version of rules

48. Christine Oliver for CLA 2004 AACR Areas of change incorporate FRBR concepts and terminology into AACR rewrite introduction to include a statement of the principles of AACR, a description of the functions of the catalogue, and conceptual information to assist cataloguers in understanding the methods of procedure reduce redundancy and revise for consistency across all types of content in Part I, where possible

49. Christine Oliver for CLA 2004 AACR Areas of change incorporate concept of authority control incorporate expression-level collocation resolve problems associated with class of materials concept (content versus carrier issues, GMDs) introduce rules for multipart items changing over time address issue of authorship and restrictions imposed by the rule of 3

50. Christine Oliver for CLA 2004 AACR3: Resource Description and Access Introduction - General principles Part I - Description Part II - Choice of access points Part III – Form of access points (this slide & following ones based on information from Barbara Tillett’s document: AACR3: Resource Description and Access, 2004)

51. Christine Oliver for CLA 2004 AACR3 – Part I (Proposal) Introduction General rules by ISBD area with references forward to supplemental rules for specific content types Chapters for content only supplemental rules, no references back to General chapter Chapters for medium/technical description primarily area 5 with relevant physical description notes from area 7 Chapter(s) on mode of issuance successively issued over time

52. Christine Oliver for CLA 2004 AACR3 – Part I (Proposal) Introduction Introduction to Part I scope structure of the description organization of the rules focus for description application of general and supplementary rules resources in an unpublished form resources released successively or updated periodically options and omissions

53. Christine Oliver for CLA 2004 AACR3 – Part I (Proposal) General rules General rules for description Preliminary rules Rules for each of the 8 ISBD areas: Title and statement of responsibility Edition Material specific details Publication, distribution, etc. Technical description Series Notes Standard numbers Supplementary resources Reproductions Analytics and multilevel descriptions

54. Christine Oliver for CLA 2004 AACR3 - Part I (Proposal) Content Chapters Text Music Cartographic content Graphic content Three-dimensional content Recorded sound Moving image content Data, software, & interactive content

55. Christine Oliver for CLA 2004 AACR3 - Part I (Proposal) Medium/Technical Description Print media Micrographic media Graphic media Tactile media Three-dimensional media Recorded sound media Moving image media Digital media

56. Christine Oliver for CLA 2004 AACR3 - Part I (Proposal) Modes of Issuance Successively issued or updated periodically Build on information in Introduction Base on “symptoms” More discussions with the Editor

57. Christine Oliver for CLA 2004 AACR3–Part II (Proposal) Choice of primary and secondary access points Choosing headings for the description “Rule of 3” Editorial tasks Reworked chapter 21 (choice of entry) Update terminology Review concept of “collection”

58. Christine Oliver for CLA 2004 AACR3–Part III (Proposal) Form of access points Current chapters 22-25 to incorporate authority control principles and rules on related references remove chapter 26 on references Chapter 25 (Uniform titles)  headings for works and expressions Functions of work/expression citations, i.e., for identification, collocation, differentiation

59. Christine Oliver for CLA 2004 AACR3 logical and theoretical aligned with international standards with FRBR concepts and terms better for users better for cataloguers