2. Giuseppe Mazzini – “The Heart”
Grassroots unification
Italian Risorgimento

3. Camillo di Cavour – “The Brain”
Prime Minister of Sardinia
A liberal – wanted to make Sardinia a model of progress, efficiency, and fair government for others to admire
Tried to improve the economy

4. Camillo di Cavour – “The Brain”
Didn’t idealize war, but willing to use war to unify Italy – Crimean War ( )
Reorganized and strengthened Sardinian army
Main architect of Italian unification

5. Guisseppe Garibaldi – “The Sword”
“Hero of Two Worlds”
Red Shirts

6. King Victor Emmanuel II, House of Savoy
Only native Italian monarch in Italy

8. Italian Unification Timeline
1860 – Garibaldi and the “Red Shirt”
Land in Sicily
1859 – War With Austria,
Italy gets Lombardy with help of
Napoleon III
1866: 7 Weeks’ War, Italy sides
with Prussia & receives Venice
1861- Victor Emmanuel II
Proclaimed “King of Italy”
Cavour dies
Franco-Prussian War,
Italy takes Rome
ITALY UNIFIED
1871: Rome proclaimed capital
of unified Italy
Revolution of 1848
1852 – Cavour becomes
Prime Minister of Sardinia

10. Otto von Bismarck: The Founding of A German Empire

11. Nationalism Comes to Germany
France and Russia had long-standing policy of keeping Germany weak and divided
Nationalism came to Germany, but different from Italy
Superiority to Slavs
Independent of West – own particular way of life and political system
Were not widespread ideas of individual liberty – tended to glorify the state

12. Revolution of 1848 in Germany
Series of revolutions in German states
Frankfurt Parliament of 1848
Offered crown of unified Germany to Frederick William IV
Turned it down – would not accept crown “from the gutter”
German states restored

13. Path to Unification “Blood and Iron”
ZOLLVEREIN a customs union of German states that did not include Austria.
REALPOLITIK, which means “realism" – do what is necessary, not what is right or moral
SCHLESWIG AND HOLSTEIN
Seven Weeks' War

15. German Unification

16. 1859

17. 1861

18. 1867

19. Franco-Prussian War NORTH GERMAN CONFEDERATION
EMS TELEGRAM: Queen Isabella
France opposed the choice of a Prussian Hohenzollern prince to replace Isabella.
Napoleon III demanded in July 1870 that KING WILHELM OF PRUSSIA also oppose it.
Wilhelm was reluctant to start trouble with France, so he crafted a polite, diplomatic response, which one of his officials conveyed to Bismarck.
Bismarck edited the king's words to create the impression that the French ambassador and King Wilhelm had traded diplomatic insults. France thus declared war on Prussia on July 19, 1870.
France quickly defeated, GERMAN EMPIRE PROCLAIMED

20. 1871

21. German Unification Timeline
1862 – William I
Bismarck
appointed
Head of cabinet
1818 – Prussia eliminates tariffs
Weeks’ War;
German Confederation
Dissolved; Prussia takes Schleswig & Holstein
1848 – Revolution &
Frankfurt Parliament
Franco-Prussian War;
France loses
Alsace-
Lorraine
1864 – Austria &
Germany defeat Denmark:
Austria takes Schleswig,
Prussia takes Holstein
1871: German
Empire
Proclaimed;
Bismarck
appointed
Chancellor
Carlsbad Decrees
1844 – Zollverein includes
Almost all German states

22. GOALS
METHODS
BISMARCK
CAVOUR

23. GOALS METHODS BISMARCK CAVOUR Unification of Germany
Increase Prussian Power
Decrease Austrian influence in Germany (drive them out of Germany)
“blood and iron” – war, trickery, etc… (7 Weeks War, tricked Austria; Franco-Prussian War)
Realpolitik – do whatever is necessary to achieve goals, not what is moral or right
CAVOUR
Unification of Italy
Make Sardinia a model of progress and efficiency (liberalism)
Did not favor war, but was willing to use it if necessary (got involved in Crimean War to have a place at the peace negotiations in order to bring up the Italian question; joined Prussia in 7 Weeks War to get Venetia)
Used plebiscites and majority opinion to unify
Let the “Red Shirts” and Garibaldi do work for him