1. 19 th century European nationalism & political reforms Entrance task: Think – In what way is nationalism like a lightbulb? Today: Reforms in Britain, the Dreyfus Affair in France Homework – Per. 3 – Essay due Friday All – read Ch. 17 in packet

2. Reform in Great Britain 1832 Reform Bill – extended suffrage to middle class (1/8 of male population)1832 Reform Bill – extended suffrage to middle class (1/8 of male population) 1867 Reform Bill – 1/3 could not vote, including most city workers1867 Reform Bill – 1/3 could not vote, including most city workers 1884 Reform Bill – suffrage extended to rural areas (3/4 of all men)1884 Reform Bill – suffrage extended to rural areas (3/4 of all men) 1911 Parliament Act – deprived House of Lords of veto power1911 Parliament Act – deprived House of Lords of veto power 1918 Reform Bill – universal male suffrage and women over 301918 Reform Bill – universal male suffrage and women over 30

3. Political Parties Conservatives – interested in labor, housing, and extending suffrage, but criticized liberals for moving too far and too fast Benjamin Disraeli

4. Political Parties Liberals - leaned toward industrial and commercial interests David Lloyd GeorgeWilliam Gladstone

5. The Irish Question Liberal leader David Lloyd George supported home rule for Ireland but could not gather enough support for it to succeed. 1914 – Approved but not implemented due to the outbreak of the Great War

6. The Irish Question Protestants in North Ireland opposed self-rule, fearing Catholic domination from the rest of the country

7. The 2 nd Republic and Louis Napoleon Louis Napoleon elected president in 1848 and stages a successful coup d’etat in 1851 to become Emperor Napoleon III coup d’etat in 1851 to become Emperor Napoleon III

8. Napoleon III & the 2 nd Empire Economic successes include investment banking, railroad expansion, public works and the rebuilding of Paris Political freedom was more forthcoming after 1860 when he allowed his Assembly more control

9. Franco-Prussian War 1870-1871 Napoleon III was edged into war by his apparent insult from the Em’s telegraph France was soundly defeated by Prussia

10. The Third Republic The Paris Commune – revolutionaries in Paris refused to admit defeat and refused to surrender The National Assembly was sent in and crushed the Commune The Third Republic was established

11. The Third Republic Achievements: –Legalized trade unions –Created schools –Built a colonial empire Leon Gambetta Jules Ferry

12. The Dreyfus Affair 1898-1899 Jewish Captain Alfred Dreyfus falsely accused on treason Anti-Semitism in France –Led to separation between church (Catholic) and state

14. The Crimean War [1854-1856]

15. Count Cavour [The “Brains”] Giuseppi Garibaldi [The “Sword”] King Victor Emmanuel II Giuseppi Mazzini [The “Soul”] Italian Nationalist Leaders

16. Pope Pius IX

17. Sardinia- Piedmont: The “Magnet” Sardinia- Piedmont: The “Magnet”

18. Step #1

19. Step #2

20. Step #3

21. Italian Unification Italian Unification

22. A Unified Peninsula!  A contemporary British cartoon, entitled "Right Leg in the Boot at Last," shows Garibaldi helping Victor Emmanuel put on the Italian boot.

23. The Kingdom of Italy: 1871

25. Zollverein

26. Prussia v. Austria

27. Kaiser Wilhelm I

28. Chancellor Otto von Bismarck “Blood & Iron” Realpolitik The “Iron Chancellor”

29. Otto von Bismarck....  The less people know about how sausages and laws are made, the better they’ll sleep at night.  Never believe in anything until it has been officially denied.  The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and majority decisions—that was the mistake of 1848-1849—but by blood and iron.

30. Otto von Bismarck....  I am bored. The great things are done. The German Reich is made.  A generation that has taken a beating is always followed by a generation that deals one.  Some damned foolish thing in the Balkans will provoke the next war.

31. Unification of Germany

32. Step #1: The Danish War [1864] Step #1: The Danish War [1864] The Peace of Vienna

33. Step #2: Austro- Prussian War [Seven Weeks’ War], 1866

34. Step #3: Creation of the Northern German Confederation, 1867  Shortly following the victory of Prussia, Bismarck eliminated the Austrian led German Confederation.  He then established a new North German Confederation which Prussia could control  Peace of Prague

35. Ems Dispatch [1870]: A Catalyst for War  1868 revolt in Spain.  Spanish leaders wanted Prince Leopold von Hohenz. [a cousin to the Kaiser & a Catholic], as their new king.  France protested & his name was withdrawn.  The Fr. Ambassador asked the Kaiser at Ems to apologize to Nap. III for supporting Leopold.  Bismarck “doctored” the telegram from Wilhelm to the French Ambassador to make it seem as though the Kaiser had insulted Napoleon III.

36. Step #4: Franco-Prussian War [1870-1871] German soldiers “abusing” the French.

37. Step #4: Franco-Prussian War [1870-1871]

38. Bismarck & Napoleon III After Sedan Bismarck & Napoleon III After Sedan

39. Treaty of Frankfurt [1871]  The Second French Empire collapsed and was replaced by the Third French Republic.  The Italians took Rome and made it their capital.  Russia put warships in the Black Sea [in defiance of the 1856 Treaty of Paris that ended the Crimean War]. -------------------  France paid a huge indemnity and was occupied by German troops until it was paid.  France ceded Alsace-Lorraine to Germany [a region rich in iron deposits with a flourishing textile industry].

40. Coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm I [r. 1871–1888]

41. Prussian Junkers Swear Their Allegiance to the Kaiser

42. German Imperial Flag

43. Bismarck Manipulating the Reichstag

44. Bismarck’s Kulturkampf: Anti-Catholic Program  Take education and marriage out of the hands of the clergy  civil marriages only recognized.  The Jesuits are expelled from Germany.  The education of Catholic priests would be under the supervision of the German government.

45. Bismarck’s Reapproachment With the Catholic Church Bismarck & Pope Leo XIII

46. Kaiser Wilhelm II [r. 1888-1918]

47. “Dropping the Pilot” [1890]

48. Kaiser Wilhelm II

50. Differing Nationalities in the Austrian Empire

51. Austrian Imperial Flag

52. The Compromise of 1867: The Dual Monarchy  Austria-Hungary The Hungarian Flag

53. Russian Expansion

54. Russian Imperial Flag

55. Forced Migration of Russia’s Jews

56. The Ottoman Empire -- Late 19 c “The Sicker Man of Europe”

57. The 1905 Russian Revolution

58. Nicholas II: The Last Romanov Tsar [r. 1894-1917]

59. The Tsar & His Family

60. Hemophilia & the Tsarevich

61. Nicholas II & His Uncle, George V

62. Causes

63. 1. Early 20 c : Russian Social Hierarchy

64. 2. First Stages of Industrialization An Early Russian Factory

65. 3. Weak Economy 1905 Russian Rubles

66. 4. Extensive Foreign Investments & Influence Building the Trans-Siberian RR [Economic benefits only in a few regions.]

67. 5. Russo-Japanese War [1904- 1905] The “Yellow Peril”

68. Russo-Japanese War [1904- 1905]

70. Russian & Japanese Soldiers

71. Russia Is Humiliated

72. Treaty of Portsmouth [NH] - 1905 President Theodore Roosevelt Acts as the Peacemaker [He gets the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts.]

73. 6. Unrest Among the Peasants & Urban Working Poor Leader of the People OR Police Informer? Father Georgi Gapon: Leader of the People OR Police Informer?

74. Bloody Sunday January 22, 1905 The Czar’s Winter Palace in St. Petersburg

75. The Revolution Spreads

76. Russian Cossacks Slaughter The People in Odessa Anti-Jewish Attacks

77. 7. The Battleship Potemkin Mutiny [June, 1905]

78. Results

79. 1. The Tsar’s October Manifesto October 30, 1905

80. 2. The Opening of the Duma: Possible Reforms? 1906  The first two tries were too radical.  The third duma was elected by the richest people in Russia in 1907.

81. The Russian Constitution of 1906  Known as the Fundamental Laws [April 23, 1906].  The autocracy of the Russian Tsar was declared.  The Tsar was supreme over the law, the church, and the Duma.  It confirmed the basic human rights granted by the October Manifesto, BUT made them subordinate to the supremacy of the law.

82. 3. Jewish Refugees Come to America in 1906

83. 4. The Path to October, 1917

84. Why did the 1905 Revolution Fail?