1. Crimea and the Issue of Sovereignty By: Christiana Nisbet

2. Questions I was asked Crimea declared sovereignty in the last days of the Soviet era, but the sovereignty movement failed. What factors prompted the initial declaration? What issues/problems led to disagreements between Crimea and the Ukrainian government BEFORE 2014?

3. Overviewed Background/ map Factors that lead to declaration Disagreements before 2014 Citations

4. Background Ukraine was considered an Union Republic under the USSR Crimea has been part of Ukraine since 1954 Population of Ukraine is 42.1 million people ( as of 2014) Population of Crimea is 2.3 million ( as of 2014 ) http://www.foxcrawl.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Crimea- map-Ukraine-Russia.jpg

5. Factors that prompted the initial declaration http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Crimea_autono mous_republic_map.svg/2000px- Crimea_autonomous_republic_map.svg.png

6. The sovereignty movement of the 1990s and why it failed Why there was a sovereignty movement Failure for Russia to accept Ukrainian sovereignty over Crimea Crimean lack of connection to the Ukraine The Declaration of State Sovereignty of Crimea – 1991 Why it failed Western Europe, NATO, US support for Ukrainian Control over Crimea General Agreement between Russia and Ukraine - 1994 Agreement between Ukraine and Russia in relation to BSF Treaty 1995 and 1996 Policies marginalized separatists Ukrainian strength in defending its interests due to Yeltsin’s disinterest in Crimea

7. Ukraine vs. Crimea Challenges before 2014 http://www.youngcons.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/kiev-independence-square.jpg

8. Factors: History/Ethnic Tartars vs. Slavs Religion Lack of support for minorities Mass deportation Language Large Russian minority Lack of Crimean connection to the Ukraine http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/UkraineNativeLanguagesCensus2001detailed-en.png

9. Factors : National/Political Crimea independent parliament/ government NATO Free Zone Support for Russia in Georgian War Desire to be a Federation Ukrainian Orange Revolution Military Doctrine of Ukraine adopted by Council of National Security and Defense - 2011 Corruption Policies Changes Election of Pro Russian leaders President Yanukovych President Yushchenko More authoritarian government Lack of support for the minorities

10. Election 2004 http://cayankee.blogs.com/photos/uncategorized/_40563403_ukraine_election2_map416.gif

11. Election 2010 http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2014/02/25/article-2567800-1BC8DAD100000578-27_634x459.jpg

12. Factors: International Politics Relations with Russia Wants to control Ukraine through Crimea Euro-Atlantic Treaty Price Controls NGOs’ Pro-Russian Passports and Duel Citizens Relations with the West Anti-NATO Nuclear Weapons

13. Factors: Geographical Strategic positioning Black Fleet Control over the Black Sea Kharkov agreements gives control to Russia in Sevastopol until 2042 http://news.bbc.co.uk/media/images/47726000/jpg/_47726090_bse a_rex.jpg

14. Factors: Economic Eastern Ukraine more industrial and military oriented Corruption Legacies of Soviet System Privatization Unemployment Inequality Heavily reliant on Russia Ties to EU

15. Citations David Marples and David Duke. 1995. “Ukraine, Russia, and the Question of Crimea,” Nationalities Papers 23(2): 261-289. http://www.youngcons.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/kiev-independence-square.jpg "Ukraine's Sharp Divisions." BBC News. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2015. http://www.foxcrawl.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Crimea-map-Ukraine-Russia.jpg Taras Kuzio, 2010. “The Crimea: Europe’s Next Flashpoint?” Washington, D.C.: Jamestown Foundation. [http://www.peacepalacelibrary.nl/ebooks/files/372451918.pdf]http://www.peacepalacelibrary.nl/ebooks/files/372451918.pdf http://news.bbc.co.uk/media/images/47726000/jpg/_47726090_bsea_rex.jpg http://cayankee.blogs.com/photos/uncategorized/_40563403_ukraine_election2_map416.gif Tetyana Malyarenko and David Galbreath, 2013. “Crimea: Competing Self-Determination Movements and the Politics at the Centre,” Europe-Asia Studies 65(5): 912-928. Ewa Fischer, Jadwiga Rogoza. 2014. “A Bottomless Pit: The Costs of Crimea’s Annexation by Russia,” OSW Commentary #142. Warsaw: Centre for Eastern Studies.http://www.osw.waw.pl/sites/default/files/commentary_143.pdf]http://www.osw.waw.pl/sites/default/files/commentary_143.pdf http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/UkraineNativeLanguagesCensus2001detailed-en.png http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2014/02/25/article-2567800-1BC8DAD100000578-27_634x459.jpg