1. Unit 7: The Industrial Revolution (1700 – 1900)

2.  Belgium- European leader in the race to industrialization.  Significant amounts of iron ore  Coal  Many waterways for transportation (like the US and Britain)  Like Samuel Slater had done in the US, a man named William Cockerill illegally left Britain for Belgium in 1799.  Had secret plans

3.  At this time, Germany was still very politically divided.  Little resources  Obviously would slow down the industrialization process.  Instead of nationwide industrialization, there were certain areas that were industrialized.  The areas that were rich in coal. (why?)  In around 1835, Germany started to copy Britain.  Imported British engineers, and machines.  Also sent their kids to Britain in order to learn industrial management. “Smokestacks seem to sprout from the earth like mushrooms.”

5.  Continued to grow by region, instead of country.  In large farming communities, industry would arise in little pockets of an area.  Bohemia, Catalonia, & Northern Italy all had their little pockets of industrial growth.  They used serf labor in Moscow and St. Petersburg.

6.  The agriculture in France was still booming, so industrialization didn’t occur so suddenly here.  Avoided social and economic problems because of this.  1850- their government began constructing their first railroads.

7.  Some nations didn’t industrialize.  Social structures slowed the new production methods.  Austria-Hungary and Spain- people didn’t have means of transportation to get to the city.  Austria-Hungary’s mountains limited their transportation.  Spain- horrible roads and not much water to use for transport.

8.  Competition increased among nations  Widened the wealth gap  Britain used it’s overseas colonies for their natural resources.  Soon, the US, Russia, and Japan followed Britain’s lead and started using those colonies for the natural resources and markets.  Imperialism- the policy of extending one country’s rule over many other lands in order to build an empire and increase its wealth.

9.  Gave Britain was the most powerful nation in the world.  Imperialism was born out of the cycle of industrialization because these empires needed the resources that their colonies had.

10.  So many influencing factors:  Agricultural revolution  Production of new goods  Transportation revolution  Communication changing  Industrialization gave Europe a huge amount of power economically.  Changed their daily life, as well as their life expectancy.  Health and wealth started to improve because of all these industrial changes.  The new middle class  More opportunity for education and a chance to participate in government.

11.  Laissez-faire - the economic policy of letting owners of industry and business set working conditions without interference.  The came from the French economic philosophers that were practicing during the Enlightenment.  Discouraged large tariffs (taxes)  Government regulations interfered with the production of wealth.  If government allowed free trade, the in return he economy would grow and prosper.

12.  A professor at the University of Glasgow in Scotland.  Defended the free economy, or free markets.  Wrote The Wealth of Nations.  Economic liberty guaranteed economic progress.  The government should interfere with the market.  Three Laws of Economics:  The law of self interest- people work for their own good  The law of competition- competition forces people to make better products.  The law of supply and demand - enough goods would be produced at the lowest possible price to meet demand in a market economy.

13.  Capitalism - Factors of production are privately owned and money is invested in business ventures to make a profit.  Natural laws should govern economic life  Helped to bring about the Industrial Revolution

14.  Thomas Malthus - wrote An Essay on the Principle of Population.  Argued that the population grew faster than the food supply.  Seemed to be true during the 1840s.

15.  Utilitarianism -people should judge ideas, institutions, and actions on the basis of their utility or usefulness.  Introduced by Jeremy Bentham.  The government should try to promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people.  Pushed for reform in education.

16.  Improved working conditions  Low rent rates  Wanted a perfect living place  Moved to America, and built a community called New Harmony, Indiana.

17.  Socialists thought that governments should intervene with business.  Socialism - the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all.  These thinkers thought that it was important for the government or the wealthy to take action, and that this would improve people’s lives.

18.  They were simply trying to offset all the negative effects that industrialism had on society.  Had an optimistic view of human nature, a belief in progress, and a concern for social justice.  Thought that the government should plan the economy rather than depend on free-market capitalism to do the job.

19.  Karl Marx- a German journalist, created a very radical branch of socialism that is now called Marxism.  Wrote The Communist Manifesto (1848) with Friedrich Engels.  Split society into two classes, the haves, and have-nots.

20.  Thought that capitalist system would eventually destroy itself. His predictions:  First- factories would destroy & drive small artisans and shops out of business  The large working class (the proletariat) would revolt, and take over the factories  The workers would then control the government  After a period of cooperative living and education, the state or government would wither away as a classless society developed.  Called this final stage: pure communism.  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wyqJ9wxZ 9L0 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wyqJ9wxZ 9L0

21.  Communism- a form of complete socialism in which the means of production– all land, mines, factories, railroads, and businesses—would be owned by the people.  With this, private property would no longer exist.  Like the U.S.S.R. from 1921- 1991.

23.  Horrible working conditions  Long hours  Dirty work areas  Very little pay All these things lead to the creation of unions. Labor Unions- engaged in collective bargaining - negotiations between the workers and their employers.

24.  Skilled workers were the first to form unions because their special skills gave them collective bargaining power.  Strike- if factory owners refused these demands, union members could strike, or refuse to work.  At first, the British government denied their working class the right to join unions. They thought that it was a threat to social order, but they won the right to strike in 1875. Much later in the United States.

25.  Forced the political leaders to see the horrible conditions, and the abuses of the workers that the industrialization had actually caused.  Factory Act of 1833- made it illegal for employers to hire children under 9. Children aged 9-12 could only work for 8 hours a day, and 13-17 year olds only 12 hours.  Mines Act 1842- kept women and children from working underground in the mines.  Ten Hours Act of 1847- the women and children were not allowed to work more than 10 hours.  In the US, the National Child Labor Committee was established in 1904 and National Child Labor Act passed in 1916.  Was struck down by the Supreme Court, because it interfered with state power.

26.  These ideas, and the ideals of French Revolution helped to end slavery and promote rights for women and children.  Abolition of Slavery- Britain abolished slavery in 1833.  Ended in the US when the Civil War ended (1865 – 13 th Amendment) in 1865 (Atlantic slave trade ended by U.S. Constitution in 1808).

27.  Factory work offered higher wages  BUT, only 1/3 of what men made.  International Council for Women - formed in 1888, to fight for the rights of women to have equality to men.  Women around the world joined.

28.  Education  Women’s Rights  Prison  Child Labor

29. 1. Imperialism is: a. Extending your rule to other countries b. Another word for economics c. The name of a teeny tiny country in the Mediterranean. 2. He was one of the authors of The Communist Manifesto: a. Karl Marx b. Adam Smith c. Bill Clinton 3. One area that reform spread/effected was: a. Atlantic Ocean b. Education c. baseball