1. HCP, Toronto, August 23-27, 2010 Other experiments at LHC: LHCf, MoEDAL, Totem Oscar Adriani Università degli Studi di Firenze INFN Sezione di Firenze

2. Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010 David(s) vs Goliath But also David(s) are able to do very good physics!!!!

3. Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010 ‘Traditional style’ particle physics detector Online DAQ system Located in the forward/very forward region Nuclear Track Detector based experiment Detector is: Exposed Removed Off-line analyzed Totem LHCf MoEDAL

4. Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010 LHCf & Totem Dedicated forward/very forward experiments

5. Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010 How to access Forward/Very Forward Region at LHC? Charged particles Neutral particles Beam pipe Surrounding the beam pipe far away from IP with detectors Simple way, but still miss very very forward particles Approach #1 used by Totem

6. Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010 Neutral particles Beam pipe Charged particles Install detectors (movable!) inside the beam pipe very far away from the IP Challenging but ideal for charged particle How to access Forward/Very Forward Region at LHC? Approach #2 used by Totem

7. Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010 Detectors can be installed where the single beam pipe splits In 2 separate beam pipes, 140 m away from the IP All neutral particle produced can be measured Charged particles Neutral particles Beam pipe How to access Forward/Very Forward Region at LHC? Approach used by LHCf (and in general by the others Zero Degree Calorimeters)

8. Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010 Pseudo rapidity coverage at LHC Pseudorapidity:  = - ln (tan  /2) All phase space covered thanks to dedicated forward detectors! And most of the energy is concentrated in the forward regions! Particle flow Energy flow

9. Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010 Totem

10. T1:  3.1 <  < 4.7 T2: 5.3 <  < 6.5 T1 T2 CASTOR (CMS) Roman Pot @147 m Roman Pot @220 m 10.5m 14m Totem experimental layout

11. Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010 T1 Telescope T1 Telescope  Cathode Strip Chambers (CSC)  3.1 < |  | < 4.7  5 planes with measurement of three coordinates per plane,  ~ 1 mm  Primary vertex reconstruction (beam-gas interaction removal)  Trigger with anode wires Both arms are completely assembled and equipped in the test beam line H8. Successfully tested with pion and muon beams in May – June 2010 Both telescope arms not yet installed but ready for installation chamber frames ~3 m 1 arm strip wire 0.8  1.1 m ¼ of T1

12. Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010 T2 Telescope  Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM)  5.3 < |  | < 6.5  10 half-planes @ 13.5 m from IP5  Half-plane: 512 strips (width 80 µm, pitch of 400 µm), radial coordinate 65*24=1560 pads (2x2 mm 2 -> 7x7 mm 2 ), radial and azimuth coord. Resolution:  (R) ~ 100 µm,  (  ) ~ 1°  Primary vertex reconstruction (beam-gas interaction removal)  Trigger using (super) pads  All T2 chambers on both sides of IP5 installed and operational (data & trigger) 40 cm pads strips

13. Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010 T2: Preliminary  Distribution (with detector efficiency) T2  acceptance

14. Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010 14 Roman Pots  Measurement of very small proton scattering angles (few µrad)  Vertical and horizontal pots mounted as close as possible to the beam  BPM fixed to the structure gives precise position of the beam All 12 Roman Pots at ±220 m from IP5 are operational (data with active triggers) RP147 detector assemblies to be installed during next winter technical stop. HALF OF THE RP STATION Horizontal RPVertical RPBPM Roman Pot

15. Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010 RP alignment w.r.t. the Beam Centre Alignment is the central problem of Roman Pot measurements: –Done at 450 GeV on the 25 th of June 2010 LHC collimation system produces sharp beam edges: –used to align Roman Pots and to determine the centre of the beam –same procedure as collimator setup When both top and bottom pots “feel” the edge: –they are at the same number of sigmas from the beam centre as the collimator –the beam centre is exactly in the middle between top and bottom pot Collimator cuts a sharp beam edge symmetrically to the centre RP approaches this edge until it scrapes … … producing spike in BLM downstream The second RP approaches

16. Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010 Totem Physics plans Early physics plan (2010-2011) –Physics at  s  7 TeV with low  * (= 2 - 5 m) optics: forward charge particles studies with T2 large |t| elastic scattering high mass SD & CD –Physics at  s  7 TeV with short  * = 90 m runs: early measurement of  tot @ 5-6 % elastic scattering in wider |t|  range (|t| > 0.015 GeV2) SD & CD @ any M classification of inelastic events: –inelastic rates –process dependent forward charged multiplicity Full physics plan –TOTEM  TOT pp with a precision ~ 1-2% Elastic pp scattering in the range 10 -3 < |t| ~ (p  ) 2 < 10 GeV 2 Soft diffraction (SD and DPE) Particle flow in the forward region (cosmic ray MC validation/tuning) –TOTEM & CMS Soft and hard diffraction in SD and DPE (production of jets, bosons, h.f.) Central exclusive particle production Low-x physics Particle and energy flow in the forward region Total cross-section Elastic Scattering b Diffraction: soft and hard

17. Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010 p-p Total Cross Section RP T1&T2

18. Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010 High  * optics needed to measure the total pp cross-section Early optics:  *=90m (un-squeezing of existing injection optics, |t| > 3  10  2 GeV 2 ) Target optics:  *=1540m (difficult to have at the beginning – requires special injection optics) acceptance at very low |t| > 2  10  3 GeV 2 1.5x10 6 2x10 9 500 30 1 4000 0.3  * = 90 m  * = 11 m  * = 2 m 11m 90m 1540m exponential region Elastic scattering, exponential part BSW  * =90m ∫ Ldt= 0.3pb -1

19. Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010 LHCf

20. Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010 Experimental set-up Detectors installed in the TAN region, 140 m away from the Interaction Point 1  Here the beam pipe splits in 2 separate tubes.  Charged particle are swept away by magnets  Coverage up to    Charged particles Neutral particles Beam pipe Protons INTERACTION POINT IP1 (ATLAS) Detector II TungstenScintillator Silicon  strips Detector I TungstenScintillator Scintillating fibers 140 m

21. Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010 40mm 20mm 25mm 32mm The LHCf detectors Expected Performance Energy resolution (> 100GeV) < 5% for photons  30% for neutrons Position resolution < 200 μ m (Arm#1) ~40 μ m (Arm#2) Sampling and Position-measurement Calorimeters W (44 r.l, 1.7 λ I ) and Scintillator x 16 Layers 4 position measurement layers XY-SciFi(Arm1) and XY-Silicon strip(Arm#2) Each detector has two calorimetric towers, to allow the  0 reconstruction Front Counter Thin scintillators 80x80mm 2 to monitor beam condition. For background rejection of beam-residual gas collisions by coincidence analysis Arm2 Arm1

22. Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010 ATLAS & LHCf Goliath David

23. Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010 HECR Open Issues Difference in the energy scale between different experiments??? AGASA Systematics Total ±18% Hadr Model ~10% (Takeda et al., 2003) AGASA Systematics Total ±18% Hadr Model ~10% (Takeda et al., 2003) M Nagano New Journal of Physics 11 (2009) 065012 The depth of the maximum of the shower X max in the atmosphere depends on energy and type of the primary particle

24. Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010 AlessiaTricomi University and INFN Catania Development of atmospheric showers LHC Tevatron A 100 PeV fixed-target interaction with air has the cm energy of a pp collision at the LHC AUGER Cosmic ray spectrum Determination of E and mass of cosmic rays depends on description of primary UHE interaction Hadronic MC’s need tuning with data The dominant contribution to the energy flux is in the very forward region (   0) In this forward region the highest energy available measurements of  0 cross section done by UA7 (E=10 14 eV, y= 5÷7) LHCf: use LHC √s = 14 TeV  E lab =10 17 eV to calibrate MCs to calibrate MCs

25. Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010 γ n π0π0 Energy spectra and transverse momentum distribution of  (E>100GeV,  E/E<5%) Neutral Hadrons (E> few 100 GeV,  E/E~30%)  0 (E>700GeV,  E/E<3%) in the pseudo-rapidity range  >8.4 What LHCf can measure?

26. Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010 LHCf operation in 2009 & 2010 With Stable Beam at 450 +450 GeV 42 hours for physics ~100,000 showers events in Arm1&Arm2 With Stable Beam at 3.5+3.5 TeV 150 hours for physics with different setups Vertical position Beam crossing angle ~4.10 8 showers events in Arm1&Arm2 ~10 6  0 events in Arm1&Arm2 LHCf completed operation at 900GeV and 7TeV The detectors were removed from the LHC tunnel on 20/07/10 The detectors will be re-installed for operation at 7TeV+7TeV in 2013 after the upgrade of the detector for radiation improvement

27. Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010 Impressive TeV Shower X Transverse projection Y Transverse projection Longitudinal projections

28. Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010 Spectra at 900GeV preliminary Gamma-ray like Hadron like Arm1 Arm2 Spectra are normalized by number of gamma-ray and hadron like events Detector response for hadrons and systematic errors (mainly absolute energy scale) are under study. Only statistical errors are shown

29. Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010  0 reconstruction @ 7 TeV Δ M/M=2.3% Reconstructed mass @ Arm2 Measured  0 energy spectrum @ Arm2 preliminary An example of  0 event  0 ’s are a main source of electromagnetic secondaries in high energy collisions. The mass peak is very useful to confirm the detector performances and to estimate the systematic error of energy scale.

30. Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010  search  0 Candidates  Candidates    ratio vary a lot among different interaction models.  A good handle to probe the hadron interaction models Another calibration point for more robust energy scale preliminary

31. Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010 Moedal

32. Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010 Searching for Magnetic Monopoles MM energy loss From the experimental point of view: Very highly ionizing particle! Extended search up to now done both at accelerators and in CR

33. Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010 MoEDAL is located in the LHCb IP, covering the VELO cavern MoEDAL: Monopole search at LHC: pp  ppMM Operating procedure: 1)Expose the detector 2)Remove it 3)Chemical etching to create the etched cones 4)Scan the etched plates searching for aligned holes, pointing to the IP (  x~1cm) Plastic track edge detector based experiment mm mm mm 25 m 2 in total A test detector is already installed The full MoEDAL will be installed in the next LHC shutdown

34. Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010 Physics Reach for MM Production Drell-Yan cross-section for magnetic-monopole pair production at the LHC Exclusion curve for 10fb -1 (  x acceptance=30%)

35. Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010 Conclusions Interesting physics cases can be studied also with ‘David like’ detectors optimized for specific measurements –Totem:  tot and Diffraction –LHCf: MC tuning for Cosmic Rays experiments –MoEDAL: Monopole search Full support from Cern and LHCC  Thanks! Nice physics results are already coming and more exciting ones will certainly come in the near future P.S: Please note: David and Goliath are not ennemies, but nice friends!!!!!

36. Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010 Backup slides

37. Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010 LHCf : Monte Carlo discrimination @ <14 TeV γ n γ n

38. Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010 Particle Identification L90% @ 20mm cal. of Arm1 MC (QGSJET2) Data Preliminary Thick for E.M. interaction (44X 0 ) Thin for hadronic interaction(1.7 ) A transition curve for Gamma-rayA transition curve for Hadron Definition of L90% Gamma-rays: L90%<16 r.l. + 0.002 x  dE Gamma-ray like

39. Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010 Alessia Tricomi University & INFN Catania The LHCf experiment at LHC ISVHECRI08, Paris 1-6 September 2008 Radiation Damage Studies 30 kGy Expected dose: 100 Gy/day at 10 30 cm -2 s -1Expected dose: 100 Gy/day at 10 30 cm -2 s -1 Fewmonths @ 10 30 cm -2 s -1 : 10 kGyFewmonths @ 10 30 cm -2 s -1 : 10 kGy 50% light output 50% light output Continous monitor and calibrationwith Laser system!!!Continous monitor and calibrationwith Laser system!!! Scintillating fibers and scintillators 1 kGy

40. Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010 0.5mm Thin window 0.150mm 10 planes of edgeless detectors Roman Pot detectors Beam  Leading proton detection at distances down to 10×  (beam) + d  Need “edgeless” detectors that are efficient up to the physical edge to minimize “d”   (beam) ≈ 0.1  0.6 mm (optics dep.)

41. Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010 28/04/2009Hubert Niewiadomski, TOTEM 50 µm 66 μm pitch dead area Planar technology with CTS (Current Terminating Structure) I2I2 I1I1 + - biasing ring Al p+p+ n+n+ cut edge current terminating ring Al SiO 2 n-type bulk p+p+ 50 µm Si Edgeless Detectors for RP  AC coupled microstrips made in planar technology with novel guard-ring design and biasing scheme  Readout with VFAT chips  Leakage current : 60 nA at 200 V (excellent)  All produced  Installation ongoing: RP220 (147) fully (partially) equipped by June 3.5 cm

42. Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010 RP alignment @ 450 GeV BLM @ 221 m BLM @ 225 m Start with primary collimator at 4.9   beam edge at 4.9  RP approach (in ≥100  m steps) Beam Loss Monitor (BLM) RP trigger rate RP 4-5 (-220m) Near – TOP @ 4.9  RP 4-5 (-220m) Near–BOTTOM @ -4.9 

43. Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010 A Single Track Event in RP Near Far Top Horizontal Bottom Horizontal transverse view Top Hor.

44. Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010 T2 event @ 7TeV

45. Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010 LHC Optics – momentum loss Proton position at RP (x *, y * ) is a function of position (x *, y * ) and divergence (  x *,  y * ) at IP: Beam size and beam divergence at IP5 and at RP spread of the primary vertex, beam size at RP beam divergence at IP5 limits the angle measurement precision xx Proton acceptance is determined by optical functions, mainly L x, L y, D x beam size  x,  y at RP internal LHC apertures RP IP5 measured reconstructed RP det. IP5 proton

46. Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010 Combined uncertainty in  tot  * = 90 m 1540 m Extrapolation of elastic cross-section to t = 0: ± 4 % ± 0.2 % (Smearing effects due to beam divergence, statistical errors, uncertainty of effective length L eff, RP alignment, model dependent deviations) Total elastic rate (strongly correlated with extrapolation): ± 2 % ± 0.1 % Total inelastic rate: ± 1 % ± 0.8 % (error dominated by Single Diffractive trigger losses) Error contribution from (1+  2 ): ± 1.2 %  * = 90 m required for early  tot measurement during the first year of LHC running at 7 TeV Total uncertainty in  tot : Total uncertainty in  tot : ± 5% ± 1÷2 % Total uncertainty in L : Total uncertainty in L : ± 7 % ± 2 %

47. Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010

48. 48 T1&T2 + RP provide fully inclusive trigger: Primary vertex reconstruction to discriminate against beam-gas interactions TOTEM Trigger efficiency: SD: 82 %, NSD > 99 % Inelastic event rate N inel Single Diffractive Trigger: Double Diffractive Trigger: Central Diffractive Trigger: Minimum Bias Trigger: p p p T1/T2 RP CMS

49. Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010 TOTEM diffractive protons’ acceptance Log(-t/GeV 2 ) Log(-  ) Log(-t/GeV 2 ) 7 TeV,  * = 1535 m 7 TeV,  * = 90 m low  * low  * : 0.5 – 2 m, L  10 33 cm -2 s -1 early running: E = 5TeV,  * = 3 m elastic acceptance 2 GeV 2 < -t < 10 GeV 2 resolution  (  ) = 16 – 30 µrad  (  ) = 1 – 6  10 -3 -  > 2 % seen (hard) diffraction, high |t| elastic scattering  * = 90 m L  10 30 cm -2 s -1 elastic acceptance 3  10 -2 GeV 2 < -t y < 10 GeV 2 resolution  (  ) = 1.7 µrad  (  ) = 6 – 15  10 -3 all  seen, universal optics diffraction, mid |t| elastic scattering, total cross-section  * = 1535 m L  10 28 – 10 29 cm -2 s -1 elastic acceptance 2  10 -3 GeV 2 < -t y < 0.5 GeV 2 resolution  (  ) = 0.3 µrad  (  ) = 2 – 10  10 -3 all  seen total cross-section, low |t| elastic scattering 28/04/2009Hubert Niewiadomski, TOTEM 5TeV,  * = 3 m prelim.

50. Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010

51. Calibration of MoEDAL NTDs MoEDAL NTDs have excellent charge resolution Calibration is performed using heavy -ion beam Calibration at high energy heavy-ions sources is preferred eg BNL, CERN But if these sources are unavailable low energy ion sources can be used eg: –CHIBA Japan - 300-400 NeV/nucleon –Low energy heavy-ion soures at University de Montreal The MoEDAL Collaboration has experience with both types of calibration

52. Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010 Backgrounds The important background source are nuclei from spallation products from secondary interactions of particles produced in the primary interaction. –Such interactions take place with nuclei in the material of the detector and the material surrounding and including the beam pipe. –Interactions of the colliding beams with residual gas atoms in the beam pipe can also produce highly ionizing spallation products. The above sources of background are severely reduced in NTD arrays. Here is how: –The two track resolution of NTDs is extremely good, of the order of 10 μ ms. Reducing overlap buildup. –The threshold of CR39, the most sensitive of the NTDs employed by MoEDAL - corresponds to a Z/  Use of different plastics with different thresholds - Makrofol has a factor of 100 smaller sensitivity to spallation background than CR39 –The requirement of aligned etch pits in a several NTD sheets –Track pointing to IP to an accuracy of ~1cm –The different energy loss signature of the Monopole, or highly penetrating electrically charge particles, gives a clear distinction over a stopping spallation product