1. Student presentation from previous BIOT 412 class
Nanotechnology
Student presentation from previous BIOT 412 class

2. What is Nanotechnology
The prefix “nano”is a Greek word for “dwarf”
One nanometer (nm) is equal to one-billionth of a meter
About a width of 6 carbon atoms or 10 water molecules
A human hair is approximately 80,000 nm wide
Red blood cells is 7000 nm wide
Atoms are smaller than 1 nanometer
Molecules and some proteins are between 1 nm and above

3. Intentional design, characterization, production and application of materials, structures, devices and systems by controlling their size, and shape in the nano-scale range ( nm)
Production of matter at the nano scale in order to create materials, devices and systems with fundamentally new properties and functions

4. Properties
Two nanoparticles of different size, both made of pure gold, can exhibit
different melting temperature
different electrical conductivity
different color

5. Change size…..instead of changing composition
Nanotechnology
New way to control the properties of materials
Change size…..instead of changing composition

6. Nanomedicine
Research on biosystems at the nanoscale has created one of the most dynamic science and technology domains at the confluence of physical sciences, molecular engineering, biology, biotechnology, and medicine

7. Nanomedicine
Most the diseases originate from alterations in biological process at the molecular or nano-scale levels
Mutated genes, mis-folded proteins and infections caused by viruses or bacteria lead to cell malfunction or miscommunication, sometimes leading to life-threatening diseases. These molecules and infectious materials are nanometer in size and may be located in biological systems that are protected by nanometer size barriers such as nuclear pores 9 nm in diameter

8. Nanomedicine
Aims to use properties and physical characteristics of nanomaterials for diagnosis and treatment of diseases at molecular levels
Since nanomaterials are similar in scale to biologic molecules and systems yet can be engineered to have various functions, nanotechnology is potentially useful for medical applications

9. Nanomaterials
The surface of nano-materials is usually coated with polymers of bio-recognition molecules for improved biocompatibility and selective targeting of biologic molecules

10. Application of Nanotechnology in Medicine
Diagnostic
- Imaging
- Quantum dots
- Microscopic sampling
Detection of airway abnormalities
Therapeutic
Deliver medication to exact location
Kill bacteria, viruses & cancer cells
Repair damaged tissues
Oxygen transport
Skin and dental care
Augment immune system
Treat atherosclerosis

11. Diagnostic Applications of Nanotechnology in Medicine
Improved imaging of human (or any) body
Nanoprobes (miniature machines) with magnetic properties can attach themselves to molecules like receptors in the and emit a magnetic field
Probes that aren’t attached to anything don’t create a detectable magnetic signal
Nano-tracking may be able to detect tumors that are a few cells in size

12. Diagnostic Applications of Nanotechnology in Medicine
Another way to use nanotech as tracking devices is to use “quantum dots”
These tiny semiconductors are able to emit wavelengths of light (colors) that depend on their size. If quantum dot A is twice as big as quantum dot B, it will emit a different color
Quantum dots are better than conventional dyes:
They last much longer – more light stable
More colors can be made available

13. FUTURE APPLICATION: microscopic machine roaming through the bloodstream, injecting or taking samples for identification and determining the concentrations of different compounds

14. Therapeutic Applications of Nanotechnology in Medicine
Nanotech is capable of delivering medication to the exact location where they are needed – hence fewer side effects
Organic dendrimers - a type of artificial molecule ~ size of protein = 1 example

15. Therapeutic Applications of Nanotechnology in Medicine
Destruction of harmful eukaryotic organisms / cancer cells by interrupting their division process
Certain proteins are capable of doing this (e.g., Bc12 family of proteins)

16. Therapeutic Applications of Nanotechnology in Medicine
Nanoprobe can be made to generate radiation, that could kill bacteria, viruses and cancer cells
Nanoprobe comprising of a single caged actinium-225 atom would detect (using antibodies) and enter a cancerous cell
Location and destruction of cancer cells by acoustic signals

17. A CYTOTOXIC T CELL DESTROYING A CANCER CELL
Lethal holes
A CYTOTOXIC T CELL DESTROYING A CANCER CELL
This shows a normal process unaided by nanotechnology.
Cytotoxic T cell

18. Therapeutic Applications of Nanotechnology in Medicine
Mimicking of natural biological processes e.g., repair of damaged tissues
Using nanotech to build scaffoldings of artificial molecules that bone cells often adhere to and grow bones on
Broken bones would heal much faster.
Transport of oxygen within body by creating artificial red blood cell

19. Therapeutic Applications of Nanotechnology in Medicine
To cure skin diseases, cream containing nanorobots possible uses:
- Remove right amount of dead skin cells
- Remove excess oils
- Add missing oils
- Apply the right amounts of natural moisturizing compounds
- Achieve the elusive goal of 'deep pore cleaning' by actually reaching down into pores and cleaning them out

20. Therapeutic Applications of Nanotechnology in Medicine
A mouthwash full of smart nanomachines could identify and destroy pathogenic bacteria while allowing harmless flora of mouth to flourish in a healthy ecosystem
SEE NEXT SLIDE

21. Dental Robots
Four remote-controlled nanorobots examine and clean the surfaces of a patient's teeth, near the gumline.

22. Therapeutic Applications of Nanotechnology in Medicine
Medical nanodevices could augment the immune system by finding and disabling unwanted bacteria and viruses

23. Virus Finder

24. Therapeutic Applications of Nanotechnology in Medicine
Devices working in the bloodstream could nibble away at atherosclerotic deposits, widening the affected blood vessels.
This would prevent most heart attacks

25. A NANOROBOT NIBBLING ON AN ATHEROSCLEROTIC DEPOSIT IN A BLOOD VESSEL

26. NANOTECHNOLOGY GOALS Construction of a nano-assembler
A machine capable of building nanoprobes on a grand scale
The next step would be self-replication of nanoprobes- mitosis
Rough estimates say that this will be reached in about years

27. But There are many risks too

28. Nanotoxicity
Nanotoxicology is the study of the toxicity of nanomaterials
Nanomaterials, even when made of inert elements like gold, become highly active at nanometer dimensions
For example: Diesel nanoparticles have been found to damage the cardiovascular system in a mouse model (

29. Andrew Maynard (Nanotechnology: A Research Strategy for Addressing Risks. p. 310.)
Reports that certain nanoparticles may move easily into sensitive lung tissues after inhalation, and cause damage that can lead to chronic breathing problems
The behavior of nanoparticles is a function of their size, shape and surface reactivity with the surrounding tissue
In principle, a large number of particles could overload the body's phagocytes that lead to inflammation and weaken the body’s defense against other pathogens

30. what happens if non-degradable or slowly degradable nanoparticles accumulate in bodily organs
Because of their large surface area, nanoparticles will , immediately adsorb onto their surface some of the macromolecules they encounter thus affecting the regulatory mechanisms of enzymes and other protein
They can have access to blood stream via inhalation, ingestion and even some nanoparticles can penetrate into the skin

31. Nanomaterials have proved toxic to human tissue and cell cultures, resulting in increased oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokine production and cell death (Oberdörster, Günter; et al. (2005).
Can cause DNA mutation and induce major structural damage to mitochondria, even resulting in cell death (Geiser, Marianne; et al. (November 2005)

32. Must learn what is toxic and how
Modify to decrease toxicity
Develop new ways to evaluate toxicity
Evaluate toxicity early in product development process