1. FUNGI

2. Mycology -the study of fungi fungi - singular fungus - plural 1) fungi are eukaryotic they have a nuclei & mitochondria 2) they are heterotrophs they depend on other organisms for food 3) they are multicellular 4) they cannot move on their own 4 Main Characteristics of Fungi

3. 1) fungi lack chlorophyll 2) fungi are not photosynthetic cannot produce their own food 3) they never reproduce by seeds 4) most fungi have cell walls made of “chitin”… Except molds 4 Reasons Fungi Are Different From Plants cellulose Plant cell walls are made of what? molds have cell walls made of cellulose…like plants most are saprophytes some are parasites Saprophyte- feeds on dead/decaying organisms

4. Smallest = Yeast cells Largest = 3.5mile wide HUMUNGOUS FUNGUS!!!!! –The famous “honey mushroom” (Armillaria ostoyae) covering some 2,200 acres in Oregon’s Malheur National Forest If it’s so big, why can’t we see it? Almost all of it is underground…

5. Fungi Are Decomposers…

6. Hyphae - network of thin thread-like structures that form the “body” of a fungus Hyphae branch out until they cover & digest their food Hyphae may either be “sepate” (with cell walls) or “aseptate” (no cell walls, with many nuclei!) Hyphae contain cytoplasm & 1 or more nuclei hypha - singular hyphae - plural Parts of a Fungus

7. Septate and Non-septate Hyphae

8. Mycelium -a mass of hyphae mycelia - plural The mycelium is usually hidden in the soil, in wood, or another food source A mycelium may fill a single ant, or cover many acres Parts of a Fungus

9. Mushrooms are for sexual reproduction (~flowers) Mycelium = body of the fungus Hyphae = the “bricks” from which the mushroom is built

10. single hypha Mass of hyphae (mycelium) Germ tube (Growing Spore) (initial hypha) Fungi usually reproduce via “spores”

11. FUNGI FRUITING BODY –The visible part –Contains spore-producing structures –Larger ones we call “mushrooms” or “toadstools”

12. Fungal Mycelia

13. Examples of Fungal Mycelia

14. FUNGI FEEDING TYPES (NUTRITION) –Saprophytic – feed on dead matter –Parasitic – feed on living organisms

15. FUNGI HABITATS –Need organic material, moisture –Live almost everywhere, from polar icecaps to deserts to oceans –Reach new areas through spores carried by wind –Spores are necessary to find new food sources

16. FUNGI FOUR GROUPS OF FUNGI -- 81,500 species of fungi divided by structure and reproduction –ZYGOMYCETES – bread molds –ASCOMYCETES – sac fungi (morels, truffles, and yeasts –BASIDIOMYCETES – mushrooms, puff balls –DEUTEROMYCETES – imperfect fungi (penicillium)

17. Phylogeny of Fungi

18. FUNGI Common molds – Zygomycetes –Frequently found in soil or on dead animals or plants –Reproduce asexually AND sexually Sexually if an opposite mating type makes contact… –Hyphae lack septa –Specialized hyphae Rhizoids that absorb nutrients and hold molds to their food source Stolons that connect groups of rhizoids together Sporangia produces spores during reproduction

19. FUNGI ZYGOMYCOTA gets its name from the tough spores produced during sexual reproduction

20. Asexual Reproduction in Rhizopus stolonifer

21. nuclear fusionmeiosis zygospore (2n) spores (n) ZygosporeSpore sac mycelium develops from germinated spore rhizoids stolon ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION (mitosis) contact between hyphae of two mating strains germinating zygospore Diploid Stage Haploid Stage young zygospore gametangia fusing 50 µm spores (n)

22. FUNGI Sac fungi – Ascomycetes Powdery mildews, yeasts, fungi in lichens, and morels Characteristic that links these are production of saclike structures called asci during sexual reproduction Asexuall reproduction is rare

23. Reproduction in Ascomycetes

27. Ascomycetes: Scarlet Cup, Truffles and Morel

28. Carbon Balls Fungus

29. FUNGI Club Fungi – Basidiomycetes “Mushrooms” are club fungi Reproduce sexually (asexual reproduction is rare) Three visible structures of mushrooms –Stipe –Cap –Gills made from tightly packed mycelia Fruiting bodies are called basidia

30. Structure of a Mushroom Remember: most of a mushroom is the underground mycelium…

31. Structure of a Mushroom ANNULUS STIPE

33. Gills

34. Basidiomycetes (club fungi): Greville's bolete (top left), turkey tail (bottom left), stinkhorn (right)

35. Shaggy Mane

36. Witch’s Butter

37. Stinkhorn

38. Amanita

39. A Fairy Ring… Why is it a circle? Soil nutrients in the center have been depleted!

40. FUNGI Imperfect fungi – Deuteromycetes Reproduce asexually and NOT sexually Examples are athlete’s foot & ringworm Example that is helpful is Penicillium because it make the antibiotic Spores called conidia come from hyphae called conidiophores

41. IMPERFECT FUNGI

43. Aspergillus

44. A Moldy Orange & Penicillium

45. Budding Yeast

46. FUNGI ECOLOGICAL ROLES –Decompose dead organisms; clear out dead plants and animals –Recycle nutrients

47. FUNGI ECOLOGICAL ROLES –Symbiotic Relationships A)LICHEN --a symbiotic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic partner, usually a cyanobacterium or green alga.The fungal hyphae provide protection and hold moisture while food is provided by the photosynthetic partner.

48. Lichens

50. Anatomy of a Lichen

51. FUNGI ECOLOGICAL ROLES Cont. B) Mycorrhizae: a symbiotic association between a fungus and plant roots. –Over 90% of plants have fungi associated with their roots. The fungus absorbs and concentrates phosphates for delivery to the plant roots. In return, the fungus receives sugars synthesized by the plant during photosynthesis.

52. Mycorrhizae

53. Test of Benefits of Mycorrhizae

54. FUNGI ECOLOGICAL ROLES –Some parasitic fungi are actually human pathogens causing athlete's foot and ringworm –Some parasitic fungi are plant pathogens that destroy crops –Produce medicine (antibiotics)

55. Common Mold, Rhizopus, Decomposing Strawberries

56. Fungal Diseases of Plants

57. FUNGI ECONOMIC ROLES –Used directly as food, or to make food Yeasts are useful in the making of bread and fermented drinks.

58. Fungal Production of Antibiotic