1. R N A

2. What is RNA. Ribonucleic acid is genetic information
What is RNA? Ribonucleic acid is genetic information. It is similar to DNA because it is also made of a sugar phosphate backbone and nitrogenous bases.

3. The structural differences between DNA and RNA
Sugars
- DNA has Deoxyribose in its backbone
- RNA has Ribose in its backbone.
DNA has one less oxygen
in it’s sugar. “Deoxy”

4. The structural differences between DNA and RNA
2. Nitrogenous Bases
- DNA has Thymine
- RNA has Uracil
They both have Adenine, Cytosine, and Guanine

5. The structural differences between DNA and RNA
3. Structure
- DNA is a double strand
- RNA is a single strand
This allows RNA to leave the nucleus

6. Amino Acid
A compound with an amino group (-NH2)on one end and a carboxyl group (-COOH) on the other end
A subunit (monomer) from which proteins (polymers) are assembled

7. Proteins
Polymers made up of amino acids that perform a wide variety of cellular functions
Linked together by peptide bonds
Also called polypeptides (a linear chain of amino acids)
One of the classes of organic macromolecules that function as structural and control elements in living systems
Needed by the body for:
Growth and repair
To make up enzymes (Biological catalysts)

11. Types of RNA 1. Messenger RNA - mRNA
- carries genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosome for protein synthesis

12. Types of RNA 2. Ribosomal RNA - rRNA
- carries genetic information for making new ribosomes

13. Types of RNA 3. Transfer RNA - tRNA
-Matches with mRNA during translation
- Connected to amino acids
-Amino acids of neighboring tRNA form a chain to make proteins

14. DNA
Transcription

15. Description DNA transcription is the process of creating messenger RNA (mRNA).
Location DNA transcription occurs in the nucleus because that is where DNA is located.

16. How Transcription Works 1. The DNA strand unwinds 2
How Transcription Works 1. The DNA strand unwinds 2. Complementary RNA nitrogenous bases match up with one side of the DNA strand 3. The RNA is released from the DNA strand. 4. The DNA rewinds. 5. The mRNA leaves the nucleus.

18. Translation and Protein Synthesis

19. Interpreting the mRNA
Strands of mRNA are divided into sections of 3 nitrogenous bases called codons.
Codon – 3 bases that code for a specific amino acid.

20. Characteristics of tRNA
tRNA has anticodons that compliment the mRNA codons
tRNA is attached to an Amino acid that will form a protein chain.

21. Translation and Protein Synthesis
Translation is the process of translating the genetic code of mRNA into tRNA.
Protein Synthesis is the process of amino acids connected to tRNA bonding to form a protein.
Translation and Protein Synthesis happen simultaneously.

22. Steps in Translation and Protein Synthesis
mRNA enters the ribosome
Complimentary tRNA attaches to the start codon on mRNA
The mRNA moves through the ribosome

23. Steps in Translation and Protein Synthesis
The next mRNA codon is matched with the complimentary tRNA
Amino acids connected to both tRNA strands connect to each other to form the protein.

24. Translation – Protein Synthesis
6. The process continues until a stop codon is reached, releasing the protein.

26. Study Guide Expectations
Groups of 3 – same groups as Replication Candy Lab!
Responsibilities – Create a Review packet for the Test!
1  Cell Cycle (Mitosis, Meiosis)
2  DNA Structure, DNA Replication, History
3  RNA Structure, Transcription, Translation
1 hr
Work on own section for 20 min  Rotate
Read/edit/add to section 15 min  Rotate
Read/edit/add to section 15 min
Last 10 minutes  compile and PRINT (4 copies)
1 copy for each team member, and one to turn in to the teacher
If you finish early, quiz each other!