1. National and Regional Growth, 1800–1844
Ch 11

2. National and Regional Growth, 1800–1844
Industrial growth, the expansion of slavery, and the development of nationalism and sectionalism change American society.

3. Section 1: Early Industry and Inventions Main Idea:
New machines and factories change the way people live and work in the late 1700s and early 1800s.

4. Industrial Revolution

5. Free Enterprise and Factories
During Industrial Revolution factory machines replaced hand tools
Large-scale manufacturing replaced farming as main form of work
Factory system brought workers, machines together under one roof
*Inventions like the spinning jenny & power loom made it possible for unskilled workers to produce more cloth, more quickly!

6. Free Enterprise and Factories
People left farms, moved to cities where factories were located
Worked for wages, had set schedules, way of life changed
War of 1812 led U.S. towards industrialization
HOW??? The British blockade caused Americans to manufacture goods that they used to have imported.

7. Factories Come to New England
New England good place to set up successful factories because:
1. fast-moving rivers (to power factories)
2. ships and access to the ocean
3. willing labor force

8. A New Way to Manufacture
New methods changed the style of work in other industries besides textiles.
U.S. government hired Eli Whitney to make 10,000 muskets for army
Guns were made one at a time by gunsmiths, Whitney changed this method

9. A New Way to Manufacture
Used interchangeable parts, parts exactly alike, to make guns (1801)
Sped up production, made repairs easy, used less-skilled workers

10. New Methods of Transportation

11. Moving People, Goods, and Messages
*Robert Fulton invented steamboat, put Clermont on Hudson River (1807)
*Samuel F. B. Morse first demonstrated his the telegraph in 1837

12. Moving People, Goods, and Messages
Enabled people to communicate in seconds between cities
By 1861, telegraph lines spanned U.S., brought people closer as a nation

13. Morse Code

14. Farming Technology
Inventions:
*Steel plow by John Deere made plowing easier in New England soil
*Mechanical reaper cut ripe grain
*Threshing machine separated kernels of wheat from husks

15. *New inventions linked regions of the U.S.
*New farming equipment helped Midwestern farmers feed Northeastern factory workers
*Midwestern farmers became a market for goods manufactured in the Northeast.
*Northeast textile mills increased the need for Southern cotton, which contributed to the spread of slavery.

16. Section 2: Plantations and Slavery Spread
Main Idea:
The invention of the cotton gin and the demand for cotton cause slavery to spread in the South.

17. Cotton is King

18. The Cotton Boom
Eli Whitney invented cotton gin in 1793—machine that cleaned cotton (separated seeds from cotton)
Made cotton cleaning more efficient, changed Southern life: one person could clean 1 pound of cotton a day by hand; the cotton gin could clean 50 pounds of cotton a day.

20. *Cotton gin changed Southern life in 4 ways:
1. Cotton farming moved westward beyond the Atlantic coastal states.
2. Because cotton was such a valuable crop, planters put most of their efforts into growing it.

21. 3. More Native A. groups were driven off Southern land as cotton plantations took over.
4. Slavery continued to be an important source of labor for growing cotton.

22. Slavery Expands From 1790 to 1860, cotton production increased greatly
As cotton earnings rose, so did price of slaves
Expansion of slavery had major impact on South’s economy, people

23. Spread of Cotton

24. Southern Culture

25. Slavery Divides the South
Slavery divided white Southerners into:
those who had slaves
those who did not
One-tenth of white families had plantations with 20 or more slaves

26. Slavery Divides the South
Most white Southern farmers had few or no slaves, but supported slavery
Slavery had become necessary to increase profits

27. Conditions of Slaves

28. African-Americans in the South
Slavery divided African-American Southerners into:
those who were enslaved
those who were free
Enslaved African-Americans were one-third of South’s population (1840)

29. African-Americans in the South
Most worked on plantations, while some worked as domestic servants or craftsmen
8 percent of African-Americans in South were free (1840)

30. Slave Rebellions
Nat Turner led famous slave rebellion, in Virginia (1831)
Turner and his followers killed 55 white people
Turner’s men were captured and 16 were killed. Turner is caught, tried, and hanged

31. Slave Rebellions Rebellion spreads fear in South
Whites killed more than 200 African Americans in revenge
State legislatures passed harsh laws to control enslaved and free African-Americans

32. Section 3: Nationalism and Sectionalism
Main Idea:
*Patriotic pride unites the states, but tension between the North and South emerges

33. Nationalism Unites the Country
President Madison presented plan, to make U.S. economically self-sufficient
Henry Clay promoted plan as the American System:
1. established a protective tariff (tax on imports)

34. Nationalism Unites the Country
2. established a national bank (promote single currency making trade easier)
3. improved U.S. transportation systems (poor roads made transportation slow and costly)

35. Roads and Canals Link Cities
U.S. built National Road from Maryland to Illinois
Canals improved water transportation, Erie Canal is completed (1825)
Created water route between New York City and Buffalo, New York

36. Roads and Canals Link Cities
Opened Ohio Valley and Great Lakes region to settlers it also stimulates trade
Increased nationalism by uniting 2 sections of the country

37. The Era of Good Feelings
Democratic-Republican James Monroe won U.S. presidency (1816)
Political differences gave way, this led to the Era of Good Feelings

38. Era of Good Feeling

39. The Era of Good Feelings
People shifted their loyalty away from the state govt. and more toward the federal govt.
Americans sense of nationalism (a feeling of pride, loyalty, and protectiveness toward your country) started growing

40. The Era of Good Feelings
Supreme Court decisions strengthen federal government and national unity
McCulloch v. Maryland, state cannot tax a national bank
Gibbons v. Ogden, only federal government controls interstate commerce

41. Sectional Tensions Increase
Sectionalism—loyalty to section of a country rather than to the nation
South relied on cotton and slaves; northeast on manufacturing and trade
In the West, settlers wanted cheap land and good transportation

42. Sectional Tensions Increase
Interests in these sections often conflicted
Missouri applied for statehood (1817), people in the state wanted slavery

43. Sectional Tensions Increase
U.S. had 11 slave states, 11 free states
Adding Missouri as slave state would upset balance of power

44. Missouri Compromise

45. The Missouri Compromise
Nation argued over admitting Missouri as slave state or free state
Henry Clay suggested the Missouri Compromise (1820):
1. admit Missouri as slave state

46. The Missouri Compromise
-2. admit Maine as free state
-3. ban slavery in Louisiana Territory north of parallel 36º 30’
-4. keeps balance of power between slave states and free states

48. Monroe Doctrine

49. The Monroe Doctrine
Some Latin American countries gained independence from Spain and Portugal
Some European monarchs planned to help Spain and Portugal regain colonies

50. The Monroe Doctrine
U.S. feared their own government would be in danger
Russian colonies in Pacific Northwest almost reached San Francisco

51. The Monroe Doctrine
President Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine (1823):
1. closed Americas to further colonization
2. warned against European efforts to reestablish colonies
3. promised the U.S. would stay out of European affairs