1. UNIT IV – CH. 8

2. NOW WHAT? Let’s fix America!!! Goal of War of 1812 – resume American economic success = AMERICAN SYSTEM Second Bank of the United States chartered 1816 – secure stable currency of state banks Tariff of 1816 – protection of American industries Transportation – – National Road (Cumberland) from Potomac River to Ohio River – Robert Fulton – advanced steamboat – didn’t have to rely on current Revolutionized trade networks

3. The “American System” Henry Clay – bank – Tariff – Internal improvements

4. The American System WEST  got roads, canals, and federal aide. p WEST  got roads, canals, and federal aide. p EAST  got the backing of protective tariffs from the West. p SOUTH  ??

5. ELECTION OF 1816  “Virginia Dynasty”  1800-1824  All Secretary of States  TJ – J. Madison  J. Madison – J. Monroe  James Monroe  Cabinet: State – JQA; War – John C. Calhoun  Toured nation  Columbian Centinel, Federalist newspaper in Boston: “Era of Good Feelings” has arrived

6. Era of Good Feelings (1817 – 25) Period of U.S. national unity and complacency Stimulated by two events of 1816 – first U.S. protective tariff – second national bank Presidency of Monroe – dominance of the Democratic-Republican Party and the decline of the Federalist Party (By 1820 gone)

7. PANIC OF 1819  Panic = economic depression  1 st major financial hurdle for American expansion  Caused by bank failures (states) in response to harsh/tightening demands of 2 nd B. of US  political issue of 1820’s – creates new faction (later)  Tariff of 1824 protected from foreign competition  Marked beginning of the end of EGF

8. MARSHALL’S COURT  CJ 1801-1835 – only Federalist dominance left in national politics  Advanced powers of courts at expense of branches and states, advanced propertied and commercial classes  Cases that strengthened FEDERAL gov. over states:  Cohens v. Virginia (1821) – reaffirmed constitutionality of federal review b/c states sacrificed sovereignty in ratification  McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) – upheld constitutionality of BoUS under “implied powers”  State banks cannot tax nat’l bank – power to tax = power to destroy – Daniel Webster  Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) – Expanded “commerce clause”

9. Who Interprets the Constitution? John Marshall Judicial review Thomas Jefferson Nullification by states

10. Marbury v. Madison, 1803 Issue – Judicial review – Partisan politics Background – “Lame duck” Federalist Congressmen passed a new Judiciary Act in early 1801 – Adams (F) appointed “midnight judges” but Jefferson (DR) refused to deliver commissions – Marbury sued for his job Outcome – S.C. established its power of judicial review over president and Congress – Marbury didn’t get the job – This case was the most important precedent (stare decisis = let the decision stand)

11. Cohens v. Virginia, 1821 Issue – Federal jurisdiction over the states Background – The Cohens were convicted in Virginia for selling illegal lottery tickets – The Cohens appealed the state convictions through the federal courts Outcome – Supreme Court asserted its power to review state court decisions

12. Fletcher v. Peck, 1810 Issue – Contract law Background – Corrupt Georgia legislature granted land to speculators in exchange for bribes (“Yazoo Land Scandal”) – After election, new Georgia legislature canceled the deal Outcome – S.C. upheld land grants – Sanctity of contracts (no matter how they were formed) – Victory of “wealth and privilege” over “mob” wanting wealth redistribution

13. Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 1819 Issue – Contract law Background – Dartmouth was created by a royal charter from King George III – New Hampshire tried to place college under state control Outcome – S.C. ruled that the college charter stands – Sanctity of contracts – Laissez-faire (government shouldn’t interfere with private enterprise)

14. McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819 Issue – National supremacy – Interstate commerce – National bank Background – Maryland hated the national bank, so it imposed a tax on the bank’s branch in Maryland Decision – National bank is constitutional under the “necessary & proper” (elastic) clause – “The power to tax is the power to destroy”… therefore Maryland cannot be given the power to tax the national government – Established national supremacy over the states

15. Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824 Issue – Interstate commerce Background – Gibbons and Ogden ran competing steamboat companies that ferried goods from state to state – Ogden, who had the exclusive NJ state monopoly license, sued in order to shut down Gibbons, who had a federal license Decision – Only the federal government (not states) may regulate interstate commerce – National supremacy over the states – Gibbons (federal license) won

16. Review: Main Ideas National supremacy Economic growth Independence and power of judicial branch Key Cases – Marbury v. Madison: judicial review – McCulloch v. Maryland: national supremacy, national bank – Gibbons v. Ogden: national supremacy, interstate commerce

17. EXPANSION  John Quincy Adams – committed nationalist  Goal – promote American expansion  Negotiated w/ Spanish minister Luis de Onis  Resisted giving up entire FL peninsula  Seminole War - Andrew Jackson stopping raids of Seminole Indians in FL – excuse to invade FL and take it instead of negotiating  Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) – acquired ALL of FL

18. ADAMS-ONIS TREATY (1819)

19. EXPANSION = SECTIONAL TENSION!

20. MISSOURI COMPROMISE Missouri applied statehood 1819 – slavery well established – Population: white – 50,000; slaves – 10,000 Tallmadge Amendment – Rep. James Tallmadge Jr. (NY) – proposed gradual emancipation of slaves and prohibition of slavery 11 free; 11 slave – uneven upset balance b/t N & S Social, political, economic arguments for and against – depended on expansion west

21. MISSOURI COMPROMISE Maine applied for statehood Combine proposals: – Maine – free – Missouri – slave Balance maintained – Thomas Amendment – prohibited slavery in rest of LA territory north of 36/30 Proposed by Henry Fing Clay Temporary fix to a MAJOR issue dividing the nation

23. “MONROE DOCTRINE” “the American continents…are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.” – Closed off American continent to Europe 1823 – authored by Sec. of State JQA Importance: – Expression of the spirit of nationalism – Concern about threat of European forces – American hegemony

24. The Monroe Doctrine, 1823 3.What would the US do if the warning was not headed? Monroe Doctrine 2.What warning is given to the European countries? 1.What foreign policy principles are established? p Referred to as “America’s Self-Defense Doctrine”