2. Assessing the Impact of Transportation on Society How do we evaluate how well transportation is serving the needs of society? In the past, the focus was on congestion and other aspect of mobility How there is more emphasis on the broader impacts of transportation One framework that is used organize a broader framework for assessing transportation is referred to as ‘sustainable transportation’

3. Sustainable Transportation Sustainable transportation is often consider to consist of three main themes or domain 1.Environmental 2.Social 3.Economic

4. Global Comparison of Transportation in Cities Newman and Kenworthy’s, two Australian researchers, are well know for having produced a number of reports that give a broad look at transportation in cities around the globe – we will use data from two of these studies (one given as the reading assignment for this lecture and the second as a series of graphs in HW 3) In these reports, ‘cities’ is used to refer to the whole metropolitan area In today’s class we will look at some of the findings from this report with a focus on the issue of energy use

5. Why Transportation Energy Use is Important? Of the domains of sustainability which of the three are affected by energy use? Environmental? Social? Economics?

6. What is the energy source?

9. Variation in Transportation Energy Use Globally Data from the two Newman and Kenworthy databases show great variation in per capita transportation energy use from city to city For example, the range in American cities is 51,600 to 76,700 MJ per person European cities is 18,200 to 38,300 MJ per person Energy use in American cities are the highest globally But it is important to notice that even amongst American cities there are huge differences between cities. So the issue is not so much America versus Europe but it is more about the fact that individual cities have very different outcomes. The point of this class is to learn from the better performing cities - American, European or otherwise

10. Why the Variation in Transportation Energy from City to City? The next graph shows Private Transportation Energy Use per Capita for a range of cities (not the same mix of cities as given in the reading assignment) Note that although this is only Private Transportation it is a very good indicator of the variation in Total Transportation use since in all of the cities private transportation represents 90% or more of the total transportation use. In the American cities, private transportation is at least 98% of the total transportation use So what are the factors contributing to this huge variation? We will examine this question in the rest of the class

12. 1.Technology Vehicle Type Vehicle Efficiency Fuel Type 2.Economics Pricing Incoming 3.Infrastructure Availability of Modes Level of Service 4.Urban Form Density Mix of use Connected Total Transportation Energy Use Four Interrelated Factors Affecting Urban Transportation Energy Use (adapted from Newman and Kenworthy)

13. Fuel Efficiency of Urban Cars MJ/kmliters/100 kmMPG American 5.0314.516.2 Australian 5.1114.716.0 Canadian 4.8514.016.8 European 3.7910.921.5 High Income Asian 4.9314.216.5 Low Income Asian 3.5310.223.1 1.Technology Vehicle Type Vehicle Efficiency Fuel Type

14. CarBusAll Rail American 3.522.520.74 Australian 3.121.641.12 Canadian 3.451.610.51 European 2.621.320.49 High Income Asian 3.030.840.16 Low Income Asian 2.120.740.24 Energy Efficiency of Different Modes of Transportation (MJ per Passenger km) 1.Technology Vehicle Type Vehicle Efficiency Fuel Type

15. MJ per Passenger km Average Vehicle Occupancy Car2.91.5 Bus1.613.8 Heavy Rail (electric)0.431.0 Heavy Rail (diesel)1.428.0 Light Rail/Tram/Streetcar0.829.7 Energy Efficiency of the Various Transportation Modes - Average for All Cities in the Study 1.Technology Vehicle Type Vehicle Efficiency Fuel Type

16. 1.Technology Vehicle Type Vehicle Efficiency Fuel Type

17. 3.Infrastructure Availability of Modes Level of Service 4.Urban Form Density Mix of use Connected 2.Economics Pricing Incoming 1.Technology Vehicle Type Vehicle Efficiency Fuel Type

18. 3.Infrastructure Availability of Modes Level of Service 4.Urban Form Density Mix of use Connected 2.Economics Pricing Incoming 1.Technology Vehicle Type Vehicle Efficiency Fuel Type

19. 3.Infrastructure Availability of Modes Level of Service

20. 3.Infrastructure Availability of Modes Level of Service

21. 4.Urban Form Density Mix of use Connected