1. Feudalism With collapse of a central power and the Viking invasions, Europe is militarized Leads to the rise of feudalism Feudalism has several elements and best understood using PERSIA

2. Political Lords and vassals A lord give a fief (land) to a vassal in return for military support Vassals would wear armor and use large horses wielding long lances to fight for their lord – they are commonly called knights All of Europe was engaged in small bloody fights between rival lords – think gang warfare

3. Economic New agriculture – iron plowshare, mills, windmills, and three-field system Manor – agricultural estate operated by a lord and worked by serfs. Serfs were bound to the land and could not leave without the lord’s permission. Usually contained a castle Rise of cities like Venice and Bruges increases trade Northern European cities began to hold fairs Burghers: townspeople or merchants

4. A typical middle ages manor Notice the 3 field system

5. Medieval Fair

6. Venice

7. Bruges

8. Rothenburg

9. Guilds Craftspeople began to organize themselves into guilds Guilds controlled the quality of the product, price of the product, and membership Process: apprentice, journeymen, then master craftsmen Had to produce a “masterpiece” judged by the guild in order to be a master craftsmen

10. Guilds

11. Social Pyramid

12. Intellectual Rise of universities -Bologna, Italy -Oxford, England -Salamanca, Spain Lecture – Latin for “read” Studied grammar, geometry, logic, etc. No exams, after 4 years they took oral exam

13. Scholasticism Scholarly attempt to reconcile faith and reason Harmonize Christian teaching with the work of Greek philosopher Aristotle Thomas Aquinas – Summa Theologica

14. Vernacular Writers To write in the local language Dante Alighierir – The Divine Comedy – Italian Geoffrey chaucer – The Cantebury Tales – English Giovanni Bocaccio – The Decameron - Italian

15. Artistic Book Of Kells

16. The Four Evangelists

17. Madonna in Majesty By Cimabue

18. Madonna Enthroned by Duccio