1. Joint Movements (from anatomical position unless otherwise stated) Movement Definition FlexionReducing joint angle in sagittal plane (bending elbow) Extension Increasing joint angle in sagittal plane (straightening elbows) –return to anatomical position Hyperextension Increasing angle more than in natural position, eg bending backwards AbductionLifting a body part away from body midline (in frontal plane)body part AdductionReturning a body part to body midline (in frontal plane)body part

2. Rotation Turning a body part on axis (horizontal plane) - not all the way around (head, anterior limb surface toward trunk)body part Lateral flexionBending body sideways (frontal plane) Lateral extensionReturning body to anatomical position ElevationLifting a body part (shoulder shrugs)body part DepressionLowering a body part (dropping the jaw)body part Pronation Turns wrist and hand from palm-front to palm-back, posteriorly SupinationPalm is turned anteriorly

3. Horizontal Flexion (starts from abducted position) Moving arm forwards in horizontal plane Horizontal Extension (starts from abducted position) Returning arm to the abducted position Dorsal FlexionBending ankle so that the toes are raised Plantar Flexion Hyperextending ankle joint so toes point downwards Circumduction Range of movements that create a complete circle (as opposed to a rotation of less than 360 degrees.) ProtractionMoving a body part outwardsbody part RetractionBringing a body part backbody part Material taken from: http://www.shoppingtrolley.net/anatomy-and-physiology-2b.shtml