1. 2002 Joint National Conference Joseph A. Holmes Safety Association And Mine Safety Institute of America June 4-6, 2002 Health and Safety Risk Factors NIOSH - PRL Fred Turin, Ergonomist

2. Defining Risk Factor Common Examples: Lifting very heavy object Slippery floor or work surface Highly repetitive bending or twisting An action or condition found to contribute to worker discomfort or injury

3. Ergonomics - What is it? Most people look like this... Some designers must think that people look like this...

4. Ergonomics is… Scientific study of human work. Considers physical and mental capabilities of workers as they interact with tools, equipment, work methods, tasks, and working environment. Goal – to reduce work related injuries by adapting work to fit people instead of forcing people to adapt to work

5. Ergonomics is … not only the design of jobs, tools and equipment, but..how people use them

6. Targeting Injuries Injury Reactive

7. Targeting Risk Factors Injury Risk Factors Proactive Reactive

8. Work-Related Injuries Acute injuries – –Occur instantly –Examples: fractures, cuts, bruises Cumulative injuries – –Develop gradually –Examples: sprains/ strains, herniated discs, tendonitis, carpal tunnel syndrome

9. Targeting Signs Injury Signs decreased grip strength loss of muscle function decreased range of motion deformity swelling

10. Targeting Symptoms Injury Signs Symptoms pain muscle tightness fatigue achiness burning numbness tingling cramping

11. Cumulative Injury Progression Loss of Function Continuous Pain Pain Comes and Goes Fatigue/ Stiffness

12. Spinal Movement

13. Herniated Disc

14. Wrist Anatomy

15. Tendon Movement

16. Take Action! Report concerns to: Safety personnel? Supervisors? As soon as you are aware of early warning signals Early action may prevent loss of function and serious injury!

17. Risk Factors Actions or conditions found to contribute to worker discomfort or injury Risk implies -Probability: What is the chance something could happen? -Severity: How bad could it be?

18. Risk Factor Effects Who is doing the work How many risk factors there are How much there is of each risk factor How often the work is done Are hard to predict, they depend on:

19. Targeting Risk Factors Injury Symptoms Signs Risk Factors

20. Examples of Acute Risk Factors Forceful work Pinch points Slipping or tripping hazards Working around moving equipment Falling or flying objects Electrical shock

21. Cumulative Injury Risk Factors 1. 1.Forceful Work: A lot of physical effort 2. 2.Poor Posture: Poor positioning of the body 3. 3.Repetitive Work: Doing the same movements many times 4. 4.Vibration Exposure: Two types – hand-arm & whole body Four Main Risk Factors

22. Examples of Forceful Work Heavy lifting Carrying heavy objects Forceful pushing or pulling Forceful gripping Shoveling damp or heavy materials

23. Examples of Poor Posture Elbows above shoulders Extended forward reaches Trunk bent over more than 20 degrees Extreme wrist bending Pinch grips Kneeling or squatting

24. Examples of Repetitive Work Using equipment controls Machine paced assembly tasks Packing or unpacking items Computer keyboarding Manning a store check out line

25. Examples of Vibration Exposure Hand-Arm: Using vibrating tools. Whole Body: Sitting or standing on vibrating surfaces.

26. Identifying Risk Factor Root Causes Method used or required to do the task Effort or strength required Location of parts, equipment, or tools Position of parts, equipment, or tools Design of parts, equipment, or tools Speed or frequency of work Duration or repetition of tasks Environment factors (light, temp, noise…)

27. Video Tape Examples What is the risk factor(s)? What part(s) of the body is affected? What is causing the risk factor(s)? Three key questions:

28. Stacking boxes

29. Risk Factors Observed Body Parts Affected Job Evaluation Form Job Name: Box Stacking

30. Job Evaluation Form (cont’d) Root Causes Identified Method: Box stacks start at floor level and go to above shoulder Effort: Boxes weigh 50 lbs and must be carried across the room Location of parts: Boxes are stored all around the conveyor Position of parts: Design of parts: Box size and shape makes it hard to carry & weight of boxes is too much Speed or frequency: Conveyor moves quickly setting a quick work pace Duration or repetition: Conveyor pace causes very repetitive job Environment factors: Other:

31. Operating Hydraulic Pit Station

32. Risk Factors Observed Body Parts Affected Job Evaluation Form Job Name: Hydraulic Pit Operation

33. Job Evaluation Form (cont’d) Root Causes Identified Method: Type of control causes frequent & exaggerated movements Effort required: Location of parts, equipment or tools: Control positioning causes leaning in and reaching Position of parts, equipment or tools: Control table flat not angled properly for operator Design of parts, equipment or tools: Round control top causes hand pressure points & Sharp edge on table Speed or frequency: Pace of work controlled by dragline production Duration or repetition: Task requires constant control use Environment factors: Other: Poor seat with no arm support Other: Long shift with few breaks

34. Preventing Injuries Engineering Controls Work Practices PPE Changes made to workers to reduce hazards Rest Breaks Exercise Changes to procedures associated with our work Changes to workstation, tools, and equipment

35. Take Action! As soon as you are aware of risk factors Early action may prevent loss of function and serious injury!

36. Targeting Risk Factors Injury Symptoms Signs Risk Factors Proactive

37. Thank You! Questions?