1. BIRDS CH. 34.2

2. I.Characteristics A. Class Aves. 9,000 species Only organisms with feathers. Endothermic [warm-blooded]

3. Have clawed toes with scales on the feet. Bones are thin and hollow. Internal fertilization with amniotic eggs.

4. No teeth present. Have bills or beaks.

5. B. Ornithology The study of birds.

6. II. Feathers A. Are modified scales that provide: 1. Insulation 2. For flight

7. B. Preening The process of a bird running its bill through its feathers to keep them from drying out.

8. C. Molting [to molt] The shedding and replacing of old feathers. Usually occurs in late summer.

9. D. Types of Feathers 1. Contour Used in flight. Found on the body, wings, and tail.

10. 2. Down Found under the contour. Insulate the body.

11. 3. Parts of a Contour Feather a. quill Hollow cylinder filled with a jellylike substance. b. shaft Middle section.

12. c. barbs Tiny branches off the shaft. d. barbules Tiny branches off the barbs. Hooked to connect the barbs.

13. e. vane The flat surface of the feather.

14. III. Adaptations for Flight A. modified front limbs into wings. Variety of shapes and sizes. B. sternum [breastbone] Where flight muscles are attached.

15. C. Much energy is required for flight. Several factors create this energy: 1. 4-chambered heart 2. Endothermic

16. *NOTE* Feather insulation REDUCES heat loss. Holding feathers out and “panting” INCREASE heat loss.

17. 3. Eating large amounts of food.

18. D. The Digestive System a. adapted for dealing with large amounts of food. The gizzard grinds up food with the aid of ingested small stones or sand.

19. IV. Bird Adaptations A. Four Groups of Birds: {based on four adaptive feet type}

20. 1. PERCHING --robins, sparrows, blue jays

21. 2. SWIMMING --ducks and geese 2. SWIMMING --ducks and geese

22. 3. FLIGHTLESS (walking) --ostrich, penguin and emu

23. 4. CATCHING PREY --eagles and hawks

24. B. Beak Adaptations Beaks are a reflection of how birds eat. Examples: Pelican- pouched. Hawk- curved beaks to tear prey.

25. Red-headed Woodpecker

26. Goldfinch- short and stout to crack seeds. Hummingbirds- long and needle-like for “dipping” into flowers.

27. V. Development A. eggs are laid in a nest. B. one or both parents incubate them by covering them with a patch of featherless skin {a brood patch}.

28. VI. Communication A. “calls” are used to: 1. Attract a mate 2. Warn others

29. VII. Protection Three ways of protection: 1. Flight 2. Camouflage 3. fighting

30. VIII. Miscellaneous Facts Smallest bird=hummingbird [2”] Largest bird, fastest bird, and biggest eggs= ostrich [8’tall, 300lbs., 37 km/h] Largest nest= bald eagle

31. Highest flyer= bar headed goose [25,000 ft.] Deepest underwater diver= common loon [160 ft. deep]

32. Common Loon

33. IX. Birds as Symbols A. Bald Eagle= USA B. Dove= “peace” C. Owl= “wisdom”

34. END THE