1. CHAPTER 18 AND 19 TEST REVIEW

2. #1 a.Shear Stress- stress that goes side-by- side (transform) b.Focus- point underground where earthquake happens c.Epicenter- point above ground directly above focus d.Fault- break in Earth’s crust caused by stress; brittle strain e.Compression- stress that pushes inward (convergent) f.Tension- stress that pulls apart (divergent)

3. #2 Seismic Waves Body Waves Primary (P) Waves & Secondary (S) Waves Surface Love Waves & Rayleigh Waves

4. #3 P-Waves, S-Waves, Love, Rayleigh

5. #4 Surface waves. Because they are slow moving and on the surface.

6. #5 P- Compression; back and forth (like a slinky) S- Shear; Side-to side Love- up and down/side-to- side Rayleigh- rolling (seawave)

7. #6 San Andreas

8. #7 New Madrid

9. #8 San Francisco

10. #9 Alaska

11. #10 Richter- measures magnitude (amount of energy released) Modified Mercalli- measures intensity (amount of damage) Both measure Earthquakes Richter is more accurate

12. #11 Convergent boundaries with subduction Hot spots

13. #12 A. Transform boundary (earthquakes), shear stress, and strike-slip fault. B. Convergent boundary (mountains, volcanoes, and deep sea trenches, compressional stress, and reverse fault. C. Divergent boundary (mid-ocean ridges), tensional stress, and normal fault.

14. #13 A. Krakatau B. Tambora C. Yellowstone D. Mt. St. Helens E. Vesuvius

15. #14 Supervolcano, composite/stratovolc ano, cinder cone, and shield

16. #15 V.E.I. Volcano Explosivity Index Goes to 8

17. #16 A. Pyroclastic Flow- gas, extreme heat and fragments that erupt from a volcano. Fast moving and deadly!! B. Lahar- A landslide or mudflow of volcanic fragments on the flanks of a volcano C. Tephra- Rock fragments thrown up into the air during an eruption D. AA- Jagged and sharp cooled lava from Hawaiian shield volcanoes.

18. #16 Cont. E. Pahoehoe- Lava that forms a ropy texture when cooled. Also, from a Hawaiian shield volcano. F. Hot Spot- Hot region of Earth’s mantle where-high temperature mantle material rise towards the surface. Hawaii G. Fissure- Long crack in the crust where magma upwells H. Caldera-alarge depression at the top of the volcano.

19. #17 Short term- pyroclastic flow, volcanic ash/debris, lahar, and falling building. Long term- climate change, toxic gas, and infertile land.

20. #18 River Glen= 1,800 Sandpoint= 2,000 Travis City= 1,600 Epicenter= Yalco More accurate and gives you just one location.

21. #19 A. Hot spot= shield volcanoes B. Subduction= composite of stratovolcano

22. #20 Mexico- Paricutin