1. Prague, Czech Republic

3. Energy (ATPADP) Energy from ATP causes actin molecules to change shape. When this occurs in a large array of actin molecules attached to myosin molecules, it shortens a small section of muscle. Muscle Physiology

4. Striated muscle CartoonReal

5. Basic Muscle Anatomy Coelom (Guts) Epaxial Muscle Hypaxial Muscle Red Muscle Horizontal Septum Vertebra Vertical Septum

11. Two Muscle Types For long distance cruisingFor long distance cruising –Red Muscle –Endurance more important than strength For sprintingFor sprinting –White muscle –Strength more important than endurance For long distance cruisingFor long distance cruising –Red Muscle –Endurance more important than strength For sprintingFor sprinting –White muscle –Strength more important than endurance

12. Muscle Metabolism Red = distance Fats to Glucose + oxygen White = sprinting Glucose Energy + Lactic Acid (glycogen) Energy + Carbon Dioxide + Water

13. Muscle type Red C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O2 E + 6C0 2 + 6H 2 O White C 6 H 12 O 6 C 6 H 12 O 6 E + 2C 3 H 6 O 3 Lactic Acid

14. What happens when distance runners (red muscle) sprint? They are slow because the red muscles lack power

15. What happens when sprinters (white muscle) run distance? They “hit the wall” and collapse because of energy depletion and lactic acid accumulation

16. Cruising (marathon runner) Continuous use Steady oxygen supply Fat for energy (Red from myoglobin) Sprinting (escape, 2 minutes max) Little oxygen Energy from glycogen (carbohydrate) Produce lactic acid (2 hrs to remove) Liver regenerates lactic acid to glycogen using energy from food

17. Goldfish: A Special case

18. Glycogen Lactic Acid Ethanol

19. Basic Muscle Anatomy Coelom (Guts) Epaxial Muscle Hypaxial Muscle Red Muscle Horizontal Septum Vertebra Vertical Septum

20. Location of Red Muscle in Fish Side View Top View

23. Red Muscle and Behavior Coelom (Guts) Coelom (Guts) Catfish: Slow when cruising Swordfish: Fast when cruising

24. Koi Slice Picture 2009

27. Red muscle White Muscle: Pink from feed pigments (salmon); sometimes myoglobin (tuna) White Muscle: Pink from feed pigments (salmon); sometimes myoglobin (tuna) Caution

28. 85 F (30 C) 36 F (2 C)

29. Heated muscles Scombrids Yellowfin and skipjack – Ambient + fixed amount Bluefin – thermoregulate to specific temp

30. Isurids (mako sharks) Hot eyes Hot Brain

31. Swordfish hunt water depths down to 2600 feet Temps about 5 °C. Cold drastically affects the performance of the nervous system, including the eyes and brain. So, heat (19-28 C) is produced by a highly modified eye muscle located close to the eye and brain. This keeps the eye and brain warm during dives into cold water. Swordfish, Marlin, Thresher Sharks

33. Bone functions Blood formation – NOT Keeps the fins in shape and provides a way for muscle to move the fins Protects guts and brain Keeps the gills rigid Can fish live without them?

34. Sure!

37. A Little bone helps

43. Porbeagle shark

44. Vertebrae Spinal Cord Neural Arch Centrum Hemal Arch Disc Caudal Vein Caudal Artery

45. Vertebra, Cross Section Neural Arch Spinal Cord Centrum Caudal Vein Caudal Artery

47. Problem Bones Coelom Intramuscular Bone Vertebra Epipleural Rib Pleural Rib

48. Spine Ray

49. Bony Fish Caudal Fin Hypural Bones Lepidotrichia

50. Shark Caudal Fin Neural Arch Hemal Arch Dermal Rays

54. Quiz hINTS Know the difference between red and white muscleKnow the difference between red and white muscle –Function –Metabolism Know why muscle heating is importantKnow why muscle heating is important Know about he bones that end up in filletsKnow about he bones that end up in fillets Spinal cord and spinal blood vessels - Associations with vertebraeSpinal cord and spinal blood vessels - Associations with vertebrae