1. Convergent and Discriminant Validity

2. The Convergent Principle Measures of constructs that are related to each other should be strongly correlated.

3. How It Works Theory Self-esteemconstruct Item 1 Item 2 Item 3 Item 4

4. How It Works Theory Self-esteemconstruct Item 1 Item 2 Item 3 Item 4 You theorize that the items all reflect self-esteem.

5. How It Works Theory Observation Self-esteemconstruct Item 1 Item 2 Item 3 Item 4 1.00.83.89.91.831.00.85.90.89.851.00.86.91.90.861.00

6. How It Works Theory Observation Self-esteemconstruct Item 1 Item 2 Item 3 Item 4 1.00.83.89.91.831.00.85.90.89.851.00.86.91.90.861.00 The correlations provide evidence that the items all converge on the same construct.

7. The Discriminant Principle Measures of different constructs should not correlate highly with each other.

8. How It Works Theory Self-esteemconstruct SE 1 SE 2 Locus-of-controlconstruct LOC 1 LOC 2

9. How It Works Theory Self- esteem construct SE 1 SE 2 Locus-of-controlconstruct LOC 1 LOC 2 You theorize that you have two distinguishable constructs.

10. How It Works Theory Self-esteemconstruct SE 1 SE 2 Locus-of-controlconstruct LOC 1 LOC 2 Observation r SE 1, LOC 1 =.12 r SE 1, LOC 1 =.09 r SE 1, LOC 1 =.04 r SE 1, LOC 1 =.11

11. How It Works Theory Self-esteemconstruct SE 1 SE 2 Locus-of-controlconstruct LOC 1 LOC 2 Observation r SE 1, LOC 1 =.12 r SE 1, LOC 1 =.09 r SE 1, LOC 1 =.04 r SE 1, LOC 1 =.11 The correlations provide evidence that the items on the two tests discriminate.

12. Putting It All Together Convergent and Discriminant Validity

13. Theory Self-esteemconstruct Locus-of-controlconstruct We have two constructs. We want to measure self-esteem and locus of control.

14. Theory Self-esteemconstruct SE 1 SE 2 SE 3 Locus-of-controlconstruct LOC 1 LOC 2 LOC 3 We have two constructs. We want to measure self-esteem and locus of control. For each construct, we develop three scale items; our theory is that items within the construct will converge and Items across constructs will discriminate.

15. Theory Observation Self-esteemconstruct SE 1 SE 2 SE 3 Locus-of-controlconstruct LOC 1 LOC 2 LOC 3 1.00.83.89.02.12.09.831.00.85.05.11.03.89.851.00.04.00.06.02.05.041.00.84.93.12.11.00.841.00.91.09.03.06.93.911.00 SE 1 SE 2 SE 3 LOC 1 LOC 2 LOC 3 SE 1 SE 2 SE 3 LOC 1 LOC 2 LOC 3

16. Theory Observation Self-esteemConstruct SE 1 SE 2 SE 3 Locus-of-controlconstruct LOC 1 LOC 2 LOC 3 1.00.83.89.02.12.09.831.00.85.05.11.03.89.851.00.04.00.06.02.05.041.00.84.93.12.11.00.841.00.91.09.03.06.93.911.00 SE 1 SE 2 SE 3 LOC 1 LOC 2 LOC 3 SE 1 SE 2 SE 3 LOC 1 LOC 2 LOC 3 Green and red correlations are Convergent; yellow are Discriminant.

17. Theory Observation Self-esteemconstruct SE 1 SE 2 SE 3 Locus-of-controlconstruct LOC 1 LOC 2 LOC 3 1.00.83.89.02.12.09.831.00.85.05.11.03.89.851.00.04.00.06.02.05.041.00.84.93.12.11.00.841.00.91.09.03.06.93.911.00 SE 1 SE 2 SE 3 LOC 1 LOC 2 LOC 3 SE 1 SE 2 SE 3 LOC 1 LOC 2 LOC 3 The correlations support both convergence and discrimination, and therefore construct validity.