1. DISTURBANCE AND SUCCESSION IN SIERRAN FORESTS

2. disturbance- an event that clears away vegetation, opens up space and resources, e.g. fire, hurricane, treefall, disease time since disturbance succession- the orderly change in species composition in an area after a disturbance disturbance event

3. early successional species high growth rate (grow quickly) shade intolerant (need lots of sun) Sierra examples: ponderosa pine deer brush (Ceanothus) resprouting oaks late successional species low growth rate (grow slowly) shade tolerant (grow in shade of other trees) Sierra examples: white fir incense cedar oaks and pines regenerating after clearcut white fir regenerating in shady forest understory

4. Fire in the Sierras historically, frequent ground fires swept through CA forests, removing litter and young trees, maintaining “early successional” forests fires were often started by lightning strikes –Native American groups also set fires in order to maintain the oaks whose acorns they used for food

5. Fire suppression in the Sierras fire suppression was practiced in CA beginning approx. 1900 in 1960’s, policy changed and controlled burns in CA began because of fire suppression incense cedar and white fir are much more common today in CA forests than they were historically likewise, black oaks and ponderosa and sugar pines are now less common

6. increase in dead and down trees, serves as highly flammable “fuel” fire suppression in-growth of shade-tolerant trees (incense cedar, white fir) and shrubs high density forests increased fungal diseases and beetle attack increased fire intensity when area burns increased death of all trees

7. 1900 2000 frequent, natural, low-intensity fires burned out underbrush and kept pine forests open 100 years of fire suppression have lead to high-density forests and in-growth of shade- tolerant tree species

8. low intensity fires a natural part of most California ecosystems historically started by lightning strikes burn along ground, typically do not reach the tops of trees kill only small trees or old, diseased adult trees burn forest in patches– leave a patchwork of burned and unburned areas used in “controlled” or “prescribed” burns

10. high intensity, or “stand replacing” fires result from fire suppression and subsequent buildup of dead wood, “fuel” reach the crowns (tops) of trees burn extremely hot kill most or all trees are extremely difficult to control burn and destroy important, nutrient rich soil layers and microorganisms

11. The Yellowstone Fire a high-intensity fire

12. Fire is important to CA forests: prevents forests from becoming over- dense and unhealthy maintains early successional species: –Ponderosa Pine, Black Oak prevents insect disease outbreaks which occur in high density forests & can lead to high-intensity fires many California shrubs and trees are dependent on fire for regeneration –Bishop pine, Pt. Reyes: cones won’t open unless heated in a fire

13. Wildlife: patchy fires maintain a mixture of habitats for wildlife early successional shrubs are important source of food for herbivores (deer) tall trees killed by fires form snags which are important homes for birds (owls, woodpeckers, sapsuckers)

14. 1995 Point Reyes Fire Bishop Pine Regeneration Bishop pine stand before the fire Bishop pine stand after the fire new, young Bishop pines growing 3 years after fire

15. Other disturbances in the mixed conifer forest: Bark Beetles Root Rot fungus White Pine Blister Rust

16. bark beetles: Beetle larvae bore through wood, killing trees or making them more prone to fungal attack Typically attack mature trees

17. Bark beetles Most are small beetles- about the size of a rice grain Western Pine Beetle attacks Ponderosa and Coulter Pines Ambrosia Oak beetles can attack Oaks, Buckeye and tanoak. Woodpeckers are natural predators of bark beetles

18. Forest Pathogens native diseases:native diseases: –important to forest health –typically cause small forest gaps –maintain heterogeneous structure in forest, similar to low-intensity fires introduced diseases:introduced diseases: –can spread quickly through forests with devastating effects

19. Heterobasidion annosum: Annosus Root rot spreads by spores in dense tree stands infecting freshly cut stumps, wounds causes disease centers which spread out from originally infected tree, when infection moves along roots to neighboring tree roots spreads at about 3 ft. per year infected tree’s roots rot and tree falls from wind- causes gaps/ openings (may be healthy looking!) major problem in Yosemite! (1960’s cut trees- left stumps– spread) May be spread by bark beetles Fungal diseases

20. Root rot

22. White Pine Blister Rust a rust fungus native to Eurasia- introduced North America in 1910 from Europe. Hosts – this fungus needs 2 hosts to complete its life cycle: Ribes and a pine pine hosts: western white pine, sugar pine, whitebark pine, bristlecone pine, foxtail pine. alternate host: all species of the genus Ribes (gooseberrry, currant)

23. Distribution and damage – One of our most serious pathogen outbreaks on conifers In North America, it has caused more damage and costs more to control than any other conifer disease Since the 1920's, millions of dollars spent on the eradication of the alternate host, Ribes, and thousands of pine stands have been severely damaged

24. Pine Symptoms 1 Needle Chlorosis earliest symptoms = chlorotic spots Yellowing caused by chlorophyll being damaged Spots form on needles shortly after infection

25. Pine Symptoms 2 fungus moves into the branches, swellings form and develop into cankers the fungus girdles a branch & branch dies within a few years (dead needles on branch turn red = blister rust "flag“)

26. Pine symptoms: Cankers the fungus may continue to grow into the trunk, causing a canker that can kill that portion of the tree upward cankers often exude large amounts of resin tree usually dies from the infection approx. 10% of sugar pines are genetically resistant

27. Cankers (blisters)

28. Current Distribution Introduced to east coast in 1910 Reaches Sierras in 1961