2.  Two Studies Evaluated  Procedures used: Parametric vs. Non-Parametric  Summary of Studies Evaluated  Statistical Tests and Results  Hypothesis Testing Errors  Consequences  Additional Corroborating Studies  Summary  References

3. Parametric Procedures  Parametric- can be described as limits or boundaries or guidelines.  Methodology:  A)Questionnaire  B) Exposure assessment monitoring  C) Individual physical health assessment  D) Laboratory examination  E) Work analysis  Symptoms  Acute  Chronic  Activities

4. Nonparametric Procedures  Nonparametric – is explanation and assumptions that are made which are met. Also nonparametric procedures are quick answers with little calculations.  Obesity- being over weight with excessive body mass index  Health Cost - increasing cost due to obesity

5. Why Procedures Were Used  Parametric  Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology  “Pesticide exposure, risk factors and health problems among cut flower farmers: a cross sectional study” (Hoppin, Umbach, London, Lynch, Alavanja, & Sandler, 2006).  Nonparametric  “Obesity in the Midst of Unyielding Food Insecurity in Developing Countries” (Vang, Singh, Lee, Haddad, & Brinegar, 2008).

6. Statistical Tests Used- Meat Study  Prospective Cohort Study  Commonality-Adventist Lifestyle  Self-Administered Questionnaires  Dietary Intake, Anthropometrics, Disease History and Demographic Factors.  Adequate sampling  8,401 Baseline Non-Diabetic Cohorts  17-Year Follow-Up

7.  Prospective Cohort Study  Commonality-Pesticide Applicators  Self-administered Questionnaires  Medical History, Smoking Habits, and  Demographic Factors  2 nd Follow-Up Questionnaire  Adequate Sampling  17,920 Farmers and 2,255  Commercial Applicators  4-Year Time Frame

8.  Both studies are inferential  Both studies are positively correlational  Meat study concludes meat consumption may increase chances of contracting diabetes  The pesticide study associates frequent use of pesticides with increased chance of developing respiratory problems

9.  Alterative Hypothesis (1)  Null Hypothesis (1)

10.  Alterative Hypothesis (2)  Null Hypothesis (2)

11.  Type 1 Error  Type 2 Error

12.  Type 1 Error (the researchers)  Type 2 Error

13.  Iowa Woman's Health Study  35% Increase In Risk Of Diabetes  Health Professionals Study  27% Increased Risk For Diabetes  Nurses Health Study  26% Increased Risk Per Serving

14.  Study of Asthma & Allergies In Children  12.4% Of The Population Was Affected  Study In Serra Gaucha & Southern Brazil  95% Of Population Was Affected

15.  Do Studies Corroborate  Does Meat Cause Type 2 Diabetes  Do Pesticides Cause Respiratory Problems

16. Summary  Organophosphate insecticides has a role in Respiratory outcomes  Respiratory illness four times higher in farm workers

17. Summary  Increase risk of diabetes with diet high in red meat.  Connection between Saturated and low polyunsaturated fats being linked to hyperinsulinemia  Association of red meat with elevated levels of glucagons and cortisol hormones  Positive Correlation with a diet rich in fish linked with low rate of diabetes

18. Faria, N., Faccini, L., Gastal, F., & Tomasi, E. (2005). Pesticides and respiratory symptoms among farmers. Retrieved on --------from http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0034- 89102005000600016 http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0034- 89102005000600016 Fung, TT., Schulze, M., Manson, JE., Willett, WC., & Hu, FB. (2004). Dietary patterns. Meat intake, and the risk of type 2 diabetes in woman. Retrieved on ----------------from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1553416 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1553416 Hoppin, J., Umbach, D., London, S., Lynch, C., Alavanja, M., & Sandler, D. (2006). Pesticides and adult respiratory outcomes in the agricultural health study. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1076(1), 343-354. Retrieved -------------from Ebscohost. Loma Linda School of Public Health. (2009). Adventist Health Studies. Retrieved ----------- -- http://www.llu.edu/public-health/health/mortality.page

19. Meyer, K., Kushi, L., Jacobs, D., & Folsom, A. (2010). Dietary Fat and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in Older Iowa Women. Retrieved on ---------from http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/24/9/1528.full#T1 http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/24/9/1528.full#T1 Salameh, P.R,, Baldi, I., Brochard, P.,Raherison, C.,Abi Saleh, B., & Salamon, R. (2003). Respiratory symptoms in children and exposure to pesticides. Retrieved on------------, from http://erj.ersjournals.com/cgi/content/full/22/3/507#T2http://erj.ersjournals.com/cgi/content/full/22/3/507#T2 Texas Cooperative Extension, Texas A & M University System (2008). Using Pesticides Private Applicator Manual. Texas Cooperative Extension, AgriLife. Van Dam, R., Willett, W., Rimm, E., Stampfer, M., & Hu, F. (2010). Dietary Fat and Meat Intake in Relation to Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Men. Retrieved on -----------------, from http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/25/3/417.full#T4 http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/25/3/417.full#T4 Vang, A., Singh, P., Lee, J., Haddad, E., & Brinegar, C. (2008). meats, processed meats, obesity, weight gain and occurrence of diabetes among adults: findings from adventist health studies. Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism, 52(2), 96-104. Retrieved - ------------from Ebscohost.