1. Metal cutting, or machining, is a process of cutting off a layer of metal from a work-piece surface in the form of chips by the cutting tool in order to obtain the necessary geometry, size accuracy, and surface finish of a part. Schemes of machining: 1 – processed surface, 2 – cutting surface, 3 – finished surface

2. Sources of heat generation and heat distribution upon cutting Types of chips: а – continuous chips (plastic metals); b – chips of chopping off (metals having medium hardness); c – element (brittle metals) Formation of chips Physical phenomena in the cutting process abc The equation of the thermal balance of a cutting process: Q 1 + Q 2 + Q 3 = Q ch + Q tool + Q w-p + Q rad. From a cutting zone heat is removed with chips (25– 85 %), absorbed by the work-piece (10–50 %) and the tool (2–8 %).

3. Turning cutters: 1 – strait turning cutter; 2 – side cutter; facing cutter; 4 – thread cutter; 5 – left-hand side cutter; 6 – groove cutter; 7 - parting cutter Turning machine, or lathe: 1 – bed; 2 – gear box; 3 – quick-change gear box; 4 – headstock with gear box and spindle; 5 – three-jaw chuck; 6 – carriage; 7 – tool post; 8 – cross slide; 9 – tailstock; 10 – tail cabinet base; 11 – apron; 12 – head cabinet base Machining by lathe

4. Circular grinding: 1 – grinding wheel; 2 – work-piece; 3 – driver chuck; 4 – carrier; 5 – tail centre Machining by grinding Internal grinding Speed of cutting for grinding is defined by the formula V =  · D w ·n / (10 3 ∙60), m/s, where D w – external diameter of a wheel, mm; n – frequency of wheel rotation in rpm.

5. Drilling machine tool Machining by drilling Twist drill Core drill