1. FEUDAL ORDER King—The King nominally owned all the land in the kingdom; BUT only controlled his own estates. Powerful lords/Vassals to the King—Few in number, these lords stood immediately below the king as his subordinate vassals. They received grants of land called Fiefs from the king. Lesser Lords/Vassals—More numerous, these lesser lords or vassals received fiefs in exchange for pledges of allegiance and military service. Knights—The lowest and most numerous group of nobles, constituted the bulk of the feudal armies. Only men could be knights. Serfs—Far outnumbered the entire nobility. They were servants and/or peasants. They had no freedom.

2. TERMS Fiefs = land grants from a king or a lord Suzerain = title of the King or the lord who granted land. Homage = a ceremony in which the vassal pledges loyalty to the Suzerain. Investiture = a ceremony in which the vassal is granted his fief from his suzerain. Subinfeudation—the process of granting fiefs to others.

3. Primogeniture—the first-born son is awarded the noble’s title and property. His status is superior to his siblings.

4. The Feudal World a system of Mutual Obligations: The Feudal World a system of Mutual Obligations: Land (fiefs) for homage or loyalty to the suzerain.

5. What was the church trying to establish? The Truce of G_d, 1083— What was the church trying to establish? “… that from the 1st day of the Advent of our Lord through Epiphany…and throughout the year on every Sunday, Friday, and Saturday, and on the fast days of the 4 seasons…this decree of peace shall be observed…so that no one may commit murder, arson, robbery, or assault, no one may injure another with a sword, club or any kind of weapon…On…every day set aside, or to be set aside for fasts or feasts, army may be carried, but on this condition, that no injury shall be done in any way to any one…If it shall happen that any castle is besieged during the days which are included within the peace, the besiegers shall cease from attack unless they are set upon by the besieged and compelled to beat the latter back…”

6. Charlemagne used Augustine’s book as a guideline. How did Augustine influence Charlemagne? In St. Augustine’s book, City of G_d, he wrote: “True Christians…citizens of a heavenly city that could never be destroyed by ungodly barbarians. The cities & empires of earth did not matter, only the individual’s salvation. Nevertheless…Christians should try to run their earthly city according to Christian principles & teachings…the aim of life was the fulfillment of G_d’s will.” WHAT IF ANY IMPACT DID AUGUSTINE HAVE ON THE CHURCH’S “TRUCE OF G_D”?