1. Syntactic Rules Must Account for the Following  The grammaticality of sentences  Word order  Hierarchical organization of sentences  Grammatical relations  Structural ambiguity  Different structures with the same meaning  The creative aspect of language. Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2003. An Introduction to Language. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, p. 123, adapted.

2. Phrase Structure Tree 1 “Phrase structure trees (PS trees, for short) are explicit graphic representations of a speaker’s knowledge of the structure of the sentences of his language.” Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 90.

3. Phrase Structure Tree 2 “A PS tree is a formal device for representing the speaker’s knowledge of the structure of sentences in his language, as revealed by our linguistic intuitions.” Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 91.

4. Simplified Grammar of “English” PS Rules Version 1 1.S  NPVP 2.NP  DetN (R) 3. VP  VNP 4. VP  V (R) 5. VP  VPP 6.PP  PNP 7.VP  VCP 8.CP  CS 9.NP  NPPP (A) 10. VP  AuxVP (A) Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, pp. 93, 96, 97, 100, 101, 107.

5. 1.S  NPVP 2.NP  DetN’ 3.Det  NP poss 4.NP  N’ 5.NP  NPPP 6.N’  AdjN’ 7.N’  N Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 110. Simplified Grammar of “English” PS Rules Version 2

6. 8.VP  V 9.VP  VNP 10.VP  VCP 11.VP  AuxVP 12. VP  VPPP 13.PP  PNP 14.CP  CS Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 110. Simplified Grammar of “English” PS Rules Version 1

7. Simplified Grammar of “English” PS Rules Version 2 See pp. 112-114 of the textbook for additional rules. Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, pp. 112-114.

8. Use of PS Rules  Test to see if sentences are grammatical  Generate grammatical sentences Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2003. An Introduction to Language. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, p. 140.

9. Hanyu Pinyin Phonemic and Spelling Alphabet and Syllabary for Modern Standard Chinese

10. Assessing a Grammar If our GRAMMAR is complete, it should generate / describe / account for / allow / explain ALL grammatical sentences AND NO ungrammatical sentences THIS MEANS: 1. IF a rule allows an ill-formed sentence, then it must be …. 2. IF our Grammar (or a rule in our grammar) says: This sentence is grammatical (and it is), then we can say the grammar is …. 3. IF our Grammar (or a rule in our grammar) says: This sentence is grammatical (BUT WE KNOW it is NOT GRAMMATICAL), then we say.…