1. Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Human Development A Cultural Approach Chapter Late Adulthood 12

2. Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Physical Development

3. Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Cultural Beliefs about Late Adulthood Perception of late adulthood  Asian, African, and Latin cultures have favorable view  Western culture views becoming favorable -Still combat some ageism

4. Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Cultural Beliefs about Late Adulthood Substages of late adulthood  Young-Old—65-74  Old-Old—75-84  Oldest-Old—85 and up

5. Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Cultural Beliefs about Late Adulthood Perception of late adulthood Each substage is different regarding physical, cognitive, and social functioning

6. Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Cultural Beliefs about Late Adulthood Differ in performing activities of daily living (ADL’s) and reported health  1/3 of people over 80 say health is good  Less than ½ of 85-89 year olds have a disability Functional age may be better concept to use than chronological age

7. Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Global Aging Pattern Old-Age Dependency Ratio (OADR)  Number of persons aged 65 or older Number of persons aged 20-64 Bottom number represent work force who pay into government

8. Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Global Aging Pattern Top number represents those not in workforce but receive government benefits OADR increase means more people receiving benefits and not enough paying in to cover

9. Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Global Aging Pattern Reasons for climbing OADR  Birth rate peaked (represent workforce)  Medical care increases longevity Some gender differences in life expectancy

10. Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Physical Changes Hair continues to gray and thin Bones thin especially in women Age spots develop—sun exposure hastens development Height and weight decline Teeth yellow Exercise and healthy diet can slow some appearance changes

11. Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Changes in Senses Vision  Reduced visual acuity  Cataracts -Most common visual impairment  Increased chance of Macular Degeneration  Increased chance of Glaucoma

12. Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Changes in Senses

13. Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Changes in Senses Hearing  Acuity diminishes for high-pitched sounds  May develop tinnitus  Can lead to social isolation Taste and smell  Decline in taste and smell can make food less enjoyable  Dangerous smells not detected

14. Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Physical Changes Changes in Sleep Quality of sleep declines with age  Sleep less deeply  Time in light sleep increases Sleep Apnea common sleep problem  Can be treated with CPAP device Psychological issues can also impair sleep  Depression, anxiety, and medical conditions

15. Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Health in Late Adulthood Chronic Health Problems Common health issues are: arthritis osteoporosis, and hypertension Arthritis—disease of the joints  Cartilage that cushions joints wear out  Women affected more than men -Management involves medication, inserting new joints and/or exercise

16. Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Health in Late Adulthood Chronic Health Problems Osteoporosis  Increased risk for broken bones  Exercise and calcium-rich diet for treatment Hypertension  Secondary aging makes condition worsen  Diet and medications are treatment options

17. Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Health in Late Adulthood Health Care and Health Promotion Medical intervention can combat health problems Developed countries allow access to healthcare Rising OADR will cause future financial strain Healthy lifestyle can help

18. Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Figure 12.3 Use of Medical Resources by Age Group Persons age 65 and over consume far more medical resources than persons in other age groups. Source: OECD (2009)

19. Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Health in Late Adulthood Health Care and Health Promotion Healthy lifestyle includes:  Healthy diet—low fat and sugar, taking multivitamins  Regular exercise—lowers risk of disease, increases muscle and bone mass -Aerobic and strength training beneficial  Avoid smoking and alcohol

20. Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Cognitive Development

21. Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Cognitive Changes and Decline Changes in Attention and Memory Declines in  Selective Attention  Divided Attention  Sustained Attention Memory effects include  Working memory decline  Episodic and autobiographical memory decline  Source memory decline

22. Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Cognitive Changes and Decline Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease Biological brain changes include  Brain mass decline  Spaces within brain increase -Hippocampus, cerebellum, frontal lobes  Neurotransmitters decline -Acetylcholine and dopamine

23. Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Cognitive Changes and Decline Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease Aging increases risk of dementia  Alzheimer’s disease most common -Loss of memory for recent events including people -increased anxiety and aggression  Two features include -Accumulation of plaques -Neurofibrillary tangles

24. Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Cognitive Changes and Decline Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease Risk factors include  Gene -ApoE gene or all onset but may not determine developing Alzheimer’s  Diet Protective factors include  Cognitive activity  Physical exercise  Diet

25. Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Alternative Views on Cognitive Changes Wisdom Wisdom—expertise in the conduct and meaning of life  Includes insight, knowledge, strategies, values, and awareness Current research  No clear link to age and being wise  Future research may examine cultural differences  Impact of culture’s rates of social change

26. Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Alternative Views on Cognitive Changes Dealing with Cognitive Decline Late-life learning  Regular mental exercise slows cognitive decline Selective Optimization with Compensation (SOC)  Selecting valued activities  Optimize performances in those activities  Compensating for decline by using new strategies

27. Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Alternative Views on Cognitive Changes Dealing with Cognitive Decline

28. Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Emotional and Social Development

29. Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Figure 12.4 Age and Emotional States In the course of late adulthood, positive affect rises steadily. Source: Mroczek (2001)

30. Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Emotional and Self-Development Theories on Emotions in Late Adulthood Erikson’s—Ego integrity vs. despair  Ego integrity—looking back on one’s life and accepting outcome  Despair—regrets and bitterness about the course of one’s life Physical and cognitive problems can impact self-esteem and integrity  Depression can increase risk of despair

31. Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Emotional and Self-Development Theories on Emotions in Late Adulthood Socioemotional Selectivity Theory— maximize emotional well-being by becoming increasingly selective with social contacts  Goals change -Knowledge based -Emotion based Older adults seek relationships low in conflict and high in mutual enjoyment

32. Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett The Sociocultural Contexts of Development Family Relationships Contact with adult children continue into late adulthood Asian cultures believe in Filial Piety  Obligation to parents and provide care with age  Assistance flows from children to parents

33. Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett The Sociocultural Contexts of Development Family Relationships Western cultures  Assistance flows from parents to children Gender differences  Daughters provide more care  Sons financial

34. Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett The Sociocultural Contexts of Development Family Relationships Relationships with grandchildren are positive  Closeness and affection remain strong  Gender differences -Closer to grandmother than grandfather  Great grandchildren signal family endurance

35. Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett The Sociocultural Contexts of Development Living Arrangements in Late Adulthood Western countries  Living independently -Northern Europe—Independent -Southern Europe—Live with child  Living facilities -Assisted living and nursing homes -Personal control important Asian countries  Living independently or with adult child

36. Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett The Sociocultural Contexts of Development Love and Sexuality Marital satisfaction at peak  Divorce would have occurred earlier leaving strongest marriages  Fewer daily responsibilities that cause stress  More time to enjoy leisure activities  Solve disagreements calmly

37. Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett The Sociocultural Contexts of Development Love and Sexuality Depression and loneliness follows losing a spouse Widows more common than widowers Social contact important for recovery

38. Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett The Sociocultural Contexts of Development Love and Sexuality Sexual behavior expectations differ by culture Activity relies on partner availability and physical health With assistance some problems correctable  Women—lubrication, Men—medication for erectile dysfunction

39. Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett The Sociocultural Contexts of Development Love and Sexuality Intimate acts more common than sexual intercourse Masturbation remains common

40. Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Figure 12.6 Sexuality in Middle and Late Adulthood In American society, many adults age 45 and over take part in a variety of sexual activities. This figure shows the percentage of adults engaging in sexual activities once a week or more often within the past six months. Source: Based on AARP (2009)

41. Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett The Sociocultural Contexts of Development Work and Retirement Median retirement age is 60–63 Longer life expectancies increase retirement age Retiring impacted by  Finances, physical health, and job satisfaction

42. Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett The Sociocultural Contexts of Development Work and Retirement Satisfaction highest if retirement by choice May retire gradually but not for money  Social contact and remaining active May have problems in obtaining work

43. Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett The Sociocultural Contexts of Development Life Outside of Work and Home Time devoted to leisure activities, community activities, and religious involvement Leisure activities  Increased time to continue previous interests  Increased travel if able  Time spent doing non-demanding activities

44. Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett The Sociocultural Contexts of Development Life Outside of Work and Home Community service and civic engagement Enhance well being of future generations Efforts increase social well-being Enhance seniors well-being

45. Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett The Sociocultural Contexts of Development Life Outside of Work and Home Religious involvement  Participation increases  Practices and beliefs increase  Women more religious than men but men hold dominate positions  Promotes self esteem, life satisfaction, and overall happiness  Promotes better physical health

46. Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey Jensen Arnett The Sociocultural Contexts of Development Life Outside of Work and Home Television, movies, reading, music compose 40% of leisure time Television use increases throughout life Impacts globalization Internet use lowest in later adulthood  Can have positive outcomes if taught to use internet