2. Chapter 4 Sec 1 – What does DNA Look Like?

3. DNA stands for… Deoxyribonucleic acid

5. What does DNA do? DNA stores and passes on genetic information from one generation to the next

6. 1950s Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins took x-ray photographs of DNA

7. 1953 James Watson and Francis Crick determine that DNA is a double helix

8. The Double Helix (4:04)

9. What is a DOUBLE HELIX? A staircase in the shape of a double helix, in the Vatican Museum

10. So saying that DNA is a double helix is the same as saying it’s like a twisted ladder.

12. The Sides of the Ladder are made up of millions of alternating sugars and phosphates. Sugar | Phosphate | Sugar | Phosphate | Sugar | Phosphate | Sugar | Phosphate | Sugar | Phosphate | Sugar | Phosphate | Sugar | Phosphate | Sugar | Phosphate | Sugar | Phosphate | Sugar | Phosphate | Sugar | Phosphate | Sugar | Phosphate | The sugar is named deoxyribose. The two sides of the ladder are held together by rungs attached to the sugars. Sugar | Phosphate | Sugar | Phosphate | Sugar | Phosphate | Sugar | Phosphate | Sugar | Phosphate | Sugar | Phosphate | Sugar | Phosphate | Sugar | Phosphate | Sugar | Phosphate | Sugar | Phosphate | Sugar | Phosphate | Sugar | Phosphate |

13. Rungs of ladder – each rung contains 2 bases Bases contain nitrogen so we call them nitrogenous bases The 2 bases of each rung are connected by a hydrogen bond There are 4 bases to choose from: Adenine Thymine Guanine Cytosine

14. Erwin Chargraff discovered that the amount of adenine always equals the amount of thymine, AND the amount of guanine always equals the amount of cytosine He concluded that a rung can either have A and T OR it can have C and G but no other combinations are possible.

15. Complementary Base Pairing Adenine always pairs with thymine. Guanine always pairs with cytosine. Thymine always pairs with adenine. Cytosine always pairs with guanine. So, if you know ONE side of the DNA, you should be able to figure out the other!

16. Try it – name the nitrogenous base that’s missing from each spot. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

17. How long is a DNA molecule? The human genome contains 3 billion (3,000,000,000) base pairs The smallest genome discovered to date is from a symbiotic insect bacteria, Carsonella ruddii, clocking in at a mere 159,662 base pairs. The species with the largest genome is the South American marbled lungfish with a total length of 133 billion base pairs.

19. DNA – Master Molecule (15:20)

20. What is a nucleotide? A nucleotide is a small piece of DNA which contains: 1 base 1 sugar 1 phosphate Lots of nucleotides link up together to make a big DNA molecule.

21. DNA Replication Process in which DNA makes an exact copy of itself Occurs during __________________________ Interphase before Mitosis

23. DNA Replication is semi-conservative. half saved

24. 1.When it is time to replicate, the DNA unzips (at the hydrogen bonds) 2.New complementary nucleotides move in to match BOTH halves of the DNA and form hydrogen bonds with the old nucleotides. 3.Product: 2 identical DNA molecules! Steps of DNA Replication

25. Identical base sequences Important: The 2 new DNA’s are identical to each other AND identical to the original DNA because the bases are complementary.

26. DNA replication animation

27. Chapter 4 Sec How DNA Works

28. Protein Synthesis DNA carries a code for each type of protein that your cells need.

29. DNA is like the blueprints for a house.

30. How genes work Genes carry the instructions for making proteins. Whenever a cell needs a particular protein, that gene is triggered to make a protein. There are 2 steps to making a protein: 1.Transcription – the gene for the protein that you want is copied in the nucleus so that the original DNA never has to leave the nucleus. The copy goes to the ribosome. 2.Translation – the copy of the gene is used by the ribosome to make a protein

31. Transcription The first part of protein synthesis in which a copy of one gene is made.

32. When a particular type of protein is needed, that part of the DNA (the GENE for the protein) is copied. No, not that GENE. No, not these jeans….

33. When a particular type of protein is needed, that part of the DNA (the GENE for the protein) is copied. No, not that GENE.

34. The copy of the gene is called mRNA. mRNA stands for Messenger Ribonucleic acid It is similar to DNA but slightly different: – mRNA is shorter than DNA. – mRNA has only one gene, while DNA has thousands or millions. – DNA is double stranded, mRNA is only single stranded. – DNA has AGCT and mRNA has AGCU (Uracil). – DNA has deoxyribose sugar and mRNA has ribose sugar. – DNA stays in the nucleus and mRNA is produced in the nucleus and goes to the cytoplasm and to the ribosome – DNA is produced in DNA replication; mRNA is produced in transcription

35. Transcription is like taking the blueprints and copying a single section about one specific part of the house.

36. The copy of the gene leaves the nucleus and goes to the ribosome.

37. Translation The second part of protein synthesis in which the amino acids that the mRNA codes for are linked together in the ribosome.

38. Translation is like taking the single section of blueprints that you copied and using it to build one portion of the house.

39. Translation: The ribosome reads the code on the copy of the gene and assembles all of the amino acids that the code calls for.

40. The amino acids link up together and make a protein.

41. Codon = 3 letters on mRNA

42. Anticodon = 3 complementary letters on tRNA (transfer RNA) The anticodon on tRNA matches up with the codon on mRNA and brings with it the amino acid that the codon codes for!

43. Peptide Bond = bond that connects 2 amino acids As the tRNA’s bring amino acids to the ribosome, the amino acids connect to each other with peptide bonds. Many amino acids connected together makes a protein.

44. A U G G G C U U A A A G C A G U G C A C G U U This is a molecule of messenger RNA. It was made in the nucleus by transcription from a DNA molecule. mRNA molecule codon

45. A U G G G C U U A A A G C A G U G C A C G U U A ribosome on the rough endoplasmic reticulum attaches to the mRNA molecule. ribosome

46. A U G G G C U U A A A G C A G U G C A C G U U It brings an amino acid to the first three bases (codon) on the mRNA. Amino acid tRNA molecule anticodon U A C A transfer RNA molecule arrives. The three unpaired bases (anticodon) on the tRNA link up with the codon.

47. A U G G G C U U A A A G C A G U G C A C G U U Another tRNA molecule comes into place, bringing a second amino acid. U A C C C G Its anticodon links up with the second codon on the mRNA.

48. A U G G G C U U A A A G C A G U G C A C G U U A peptide bond forms between the two amino acids. Peptide bond C C G U A C

49. A U G G G C U U A A A G C A G U G C A C G U U The first tRNA molecule releases its amino acid and moves off into the cytoplasm. C C G U A C

50. A U G G G C U U A A A G C A G U G C A C G U U C C G The ribosome moves along the mRNA to the next codon.

51. A U G G G C U U A A A G C A G U G C A C G U U Another tRNA molecule brings the next amino acid into place. C C G A A U

52. A U G G G C U U A A A G C A G U G C A C G U U A peptide bond joins the second and third amino acids to form a polypeptide chain. C C G

53. A U G G G C U U A A A G C A G U G C A C G U U The polypeptide chain gets longer. G U C A C G The process continues. This continues until a termination (stop) codon is reached. The polypeptide is then complete.