1. 12.1 DNA: STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
DNA—deoxyribonucleic acid

2. BACKGROUND INFO--NUCLEUS
-NUCLEUS is control center of the cell—
-NUCLEUS controls all cell activities including:
cell reproduction & heredity
storage of genetic information
NUCLEOTIDES  DNA  GENES  CHROMOSOME S NUCLEUS  CELLS

3. BACKGROUND INFO--PROTEINS
-building blocks for every structure in your body
-control chemical processes in the cell

4. DNA FUNCTION
DNAStorage/Transmit genetic information
DNA’s primary function –
make PROTEINS

5. DNA BLUEPRINT of LIFE—
ALL body cells (except sex cells) have same copies of DNA to produce protein structures….
all 70 BILLION of them!!
DNA is found in other organelles—
mitochondria & chloroplasts

6. DNA STRUCTURE 1953—James Watson & Francis Crick discovered
-double helix = twisted staircase
-unwound resembles a ladder

7. DNA STRUCTURE

8. CRICK LETTER SOLD FOR MILLIONS

9. copyright cmassengale
DNA Double Helix
Nitrogenous
Base (A,T,G or C)
“Rungs of ladder”
“Legs of ladder”
Phosphate &
Sugar Backbone
copyright cmassengale

10. NUCLEOTIDES -repeating sub-units of DNA
1 nucleotide = 1 sugar, 1 phosphate, 1 base

11. NUCLEOTIDES stack on top of each other to form sides of DNA
NUCLEOTIDE INFO:
1 nucleotide :
1 sugar,
1 phosphate
1 base
NUCLEOTIDES stack on top of each other to form sides of DNA
1side of DNA upside down--“anti-parallel”
2 bases attached with hydrogen bonds

12. -A = Adenine -G = Guanine NITROGENOUS BASES
PURINES – 2 rings of C and N
-A = Adenine
-G = Guanine
*2 rings--each has 2 n’s
*both end in “nine”
Double ring has nine sides

13. T=Thymine C = Cytosine NITROGENOUS BASES
PYRIMIDINE – single ring of C and N
T=Thymine
C = Cytosine
*1 ring--each has 1 n*
*both have a “y” –
so does pyrimidine

14. DNA STRUCTURE *CHARGAFF’S RULE THYMINE = ADENINE GUANINE = CYTOSINE
CREATE: memory device for pairing nitrogenous bases T A G C

15. ANTIPARALLEL SET 2 PENCILS PARALLEL TO EACH OTHER
--POINT 1ST PENCIL UP
--POINT 2ND PENCIL DOWN
 = ANTI-PARALLEL
One strand of DNA runs from 5’ to 3’ (sugars)
The other strand runs in opposite direction - 3’ to 5’ (sugars)

16. copyright cmassengale
DNA STRUCTURE P O 1 2 3 4 5 P O 1 2 3 4 5 G C T A
copyright cmassengale

17. Nucleotides THINK – PAIR – SHARE
-What are the repeating units in DNA called?
Nucleotides
-What 3 things make up a DNA nucleotide?
Sugar
Phosphate
Nitrogen containing base

18. NITROGENOUS BASE PAIR RULES
CREATE a matching (complementary) DNA sequence for the following strand:
A T G A A G T T T T T GG C T G G C T A G

19. DNA: Blueprint of Life
-ANALYZE why DNA is called the “BLUEPRINT of LIFE”
-every cell in your body has the same copies of DNA
–pattern to produce protein structures

20. NUCLEUS: Control Center of the Cell
-INFER why the nucleus is called the “CONTROL CENTER” of the cell
-controls all activities of the cell including cellular reproduction and heredity

21. MODEL structures of DNA by labeling & coloring
SUGAR--pink
PHOSPHATE--green
CYTOSINE--grey
GUANINE--orange
THYMINE--blue
ADENINE--yellow

22. copyright cmassengale
NUCLEOTIDE
O=P-O O
Phosphate
Group N
Nitrogenous base
(A, G, C, or T) O
CH2 O C1 C4 C3 C2 5
Sugar
(deoxyribose)
copyright cmassengale

23. APPLY: COMPLETE the DNA CONCEPT MAP
nucleotides
twisted ladder
-store/transfer genetic info
-produce proteins
double helix
nitrogenous base
phosphate group
Watson & Crick
deoxyribose
guanine
adenine
thymine
cytosine
1953

24. 12.1 DNA LABELING G=guanine deoxyribose sugar phosphate group
A=adenine

25. 12.1 DNA LABELING G A G T G C

26. cell DNA 12.1 DNA LABELING chromosome nucleus histones – nucleosomes
base pairs
DNA

27. DNA EXTRACTION LAB 1-READ BACKGROUND INFO -HIGHLIGHT important info
-ANSWER Qs
- MRS. S
2-LAB
-FOLLOW PROCEDURE
-CLEAN-UP
3-LAB Qs
-DISCUSS/ANSWER
4-COMPLETE APPLICATION NOTES w/lab partners

28. DNA EXTRACTION LAB

29. DNA EXTRACTION LAB PRE-LAB: 1-How much flax seed? _________
2-Water temp? _________
3-Lysis solution? __________
4-Bubbles/foam? __________
5-Purpose of tilting beaker? ___________
6-Let beaker stand? ___________
7-Identify DNA? _____________
1 tsp
HOT
5 drops
remove w/paper towel
keep layers from separating
2+ minutes
white/stringy—looks like snot!

30. DNA EXTRACTION LAB ANALYSIS: 1- Purpose of lysis? _________
2- DNA code of life? _________
3- DNA made of? __________
4- 10% of cell? __________
5- Add alcohol? ___________
8- 2 VARIABLES:
free DNA
-carries info for living things
-nucleotides: P-group/sugar/nitrogen bases
-C / H / O / P / N
-tightly wound so compact
DNA less soluble in alcohol
-lysis solution—type/amount
-source of DNA
-temp of water –OR- alcohol -

31. 12.1 VOC

32. DNA MODEL
1-ATTACH KEY CHAIN 2-WRITE BASE PAIRS ON WHITE BEADS -BOTH SIDES 3-CHECK KEYCHAIN with MRS. P 4-TWIST 5-ANSWER ANALYSIS QUESTIONS check obj / vocab with table partner 6- GRADE ANALYSIS Q

33. ANALYSIS
DNA MODEL
1- What base does ADENINE pair with? -THYMINE 2- What base does guanine pair with? -CYTOSINE 3-_______________’s rule says C=G and A=T 4- What is the scientific name of the shape of the DNA molecule? -double helix 5- What are the 3 components of a nucleotide? -phosphate -sugar -nitrogen base 6- What are the 2 parts of the nucleotide that make up the SIDES of the ladder? - Phosphate -sugar
CHARGAFF

34. ANALYSIS
DNA MODEL
7- What is the name of the sugar molecule in DNA? -deoxyribose 8- What type of bond holds the 2 bases together? -hydrogen 9-What is the FUNCTION of DNA? The sides of the DNA ladder run “anti-parallel”. What does this mean? -OPPOSITE 11/12- A-G-C-T-C-A-G-T-T-A-G-C-G-G-C-A-T-T-C T-C-G-A-G-T-C-A-A-T-C-G-C-C-G-T-A-A-G