1. Synchronization made easy! February 2009 Preferred Synchronization methods

2. УСПЕШНОЕ МОЛОЧНОЕ СКОТОВОДСТВО Генетика Генетика Возпроизводство Возпроизводство Здорвье Здорвье Комфорт Комфорт Кормление Кормление Доение Доение УПРАВЛЕНИЕ

3. An extra 1300 litres,for the same feed input. WHY? (Data is from 1200 herds recorded by Promar FBA and MM services) Average Top 20%

4. УПРАВЛЕНИЕ Общая индентификация скота Общая индентификация скота Центральная база данных Центральная база данных Программное обеспечение Программное обеспечение Регулярны трансфер информции Регулярны трансфер информции Прописаная технология Прописаная технология Стандартные операционные процедуры Стандартные операционные процедуры Обучение кадров Обучение кадров Система оплата труда Система оплата труда

5. Структура организации потока Цех сухостоя и отела Цех производства молока Цех воспроизводства

6. Причины выбраковки коров Здорове вымя воспроизводст во Плохое производство Хромота ЗаболеваниеДругие NAHMS, 1996. Dairy Report

7. Мониторинг стада Воспроизводство Сервис период <110 дней Сервис период <110 дней 1 осеменение <75 дней 1 осеменение <75 дней % оплодотворяемости >40% % оплодотворяемости >40% Обнаружение охоты >75% Обнаружение охоты >75% Средняя лактация 155 дней Средняя лактация 155 дней Киста яичников <15% Киста яичников <15% Метриты <20% Метриты <20%

8. Схема успеха стельности Стельность Факторы коровы Сперма Внешнии факторы Человеческий фактор Кормление Цикличность Болезни Инфекциозные Ветеринарная обстановка Комфорт Тепловой стресс Фертильность быка Хранение и транспорт Метаболические Точность выявление охоты Техника ИО Место ввода Обработка

9. Factors Affecting Pregnancy Rate Estrous Detection Are we detecting heats? Estrous Expression Are cows showing heat?. Conception Rate (Pregnancy Rate/AI) Service Rate (Estrous Detection Rate)

10. The #1 Cattle Breeding Company in the World!

11. Heat Detection Rate for 2561 Minnesota DHI Herds Ave ~ 35% Stewart, Personal communication. 1999

12. Heat Detection Rates

13. Параметры которые влияют на конечный результат Здоровье коровы Здоровье коровы Качество спермы Качество спермы Квалификация техника Квалификация техника Выявление коров в охоте Выявление коров в охоте Вариант 1 Вариант 1 90 % 90 % 60 % 60 % 90 x 90 x 90 x 60 = 44%

14. Параметры которые влияют на конечный результат Здоровье коровы Здоровье коровы Качество спермы Качество спермы Квалификация техника Квалификация техника Выявление коров в охоте Выявление коров в охоте Вариант 2 Вариант 2 90 % 90 % 35 % 35 % 90 x 90 x 90 x 80 = 26%

15. The #1 Cattle Breeding Company in the World! ОПТИМАЛЬНЫ МОМЕНТ Лучшее Оплодотво- рение Рефлекс неподвижности Жизнь спермиев 18-24ч Лучшее время для осеменения яйцеклетка 5-6ч

16. Cows Heifers Range 19.3 17.8 7.6 16.1 15.3 11.5 6 to 30 2.5 to 28.5 to 42 Average Estrus Duration (hours) for Cows and Heifers

17. Estrous expression Size of ovulatory follicle Changes in Reproduction in High Producing Dairy Cows Double ovulation Early embryonic development Pregnancy rate/AI Pregnancy loss 50 kg/day 0 kg/day  Estradiol  Progesterone 53 Mcal/d vs. 12.5 Mcal/d 2000 L/h vs. 900 L/h Liver

18. The relationship between the probability of estrous detection and the level of milk production * Analysis included all ovulations (n=350) except first postpartum ovulations 0.0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 25303540455055 Average milk production (kg/d) Probability of estrous detection % 6 h interval 12 h interval 24 h interval

19. Параметры которые влияют на конечный результат Здоровье коровы Здоровье коровы Качество спермы Качество спермы Квалификация техника Квалификация техника Выявление коров в охоте Выявление коров в охоте 90 % 90 % 100 % 100 % 90 x 90 x 90 x 100 = 73%

20. Synchronization Systems

21. Synchronization Protocols Ovsynch Pre-synch Estrogens MGA Protocols MSU Synch CIDR Resynch Co-synch

22. Manipulation of Ovarian Function Follicular Function  GnRH  Estrogen Luteal Function  PGF 2   Progesterone

24. Hypothalamus GnRH Anterior Pituitary FSHLH Ovaries Follicle GrowthOvulation Estradiol Corpus luteum Progesterone Inhibin NF PF Positive Feedback Negative Feedback

25. Summary of Hormonal Interactions Proestrual follicular development development Preovulatory LH surge FSHFSH InhibinInhibin Estradiol to threshold Estradiol to threshold FSH and LH P4 from CL GnRHGnRH University of Illinois Animal Science 374 CD - Therersa L. Steckler

26. Estrus 51015 Hormone Concentration Ovulation EndometriumPGF 2  Deviation Dominance Atresia Recruitment PGF 2  FSH E2 LH THE ESTROUS CYCLE Courtesy of Pharmacia CLProgesterone

27. Progesterone 10Ovulation21 Follicular size, mm Days after ovulation Two Follicular Waves Recruitment Deviation Dominance Atresia 8 9

28. Progesterone Three Follicular Waves Ovulation 21 Follicular size 9 14 - 17 Days after ovulation

29. Estrous cycle characteristics in lactating Holstein cows Referencen 2 waves % 3 waves % 4 waves % Estrous cycle length, d Savio et al., 19901346.253.80.02-w cows: 22.2 3-w cows: 24.0 Taylor and Rajamahendran, 1991 1681.318.70.02-w cows: 20.8 3-w cows: 29.7 Wilson et al., 19981190.99.10.0- Roth et al., 2000771.428.60.0 All cows: 22.0 Inbar et al., 20011978.921.10.0- Townson et al., 2002 10 6 67.930.21.92-w cows: 21.2 3-w cows: 24.5

30. Estrous cycle characteristics in nulliparous heifers Referencen 2 waves % 3 waves % 4 waves % Estrous cycle length, d Savio et al., 1988 (Hereford x Holstein) 2619.280.80.02-w heifers: 20.5 3-w heifers: 21.3 Sirois and Fortune, 1988 (Holstein) 1020.070.010.02-w heifers: 20.0 3-w heifers: 20.7 4-w heifers: 23.0 Gong et al., 1993 (Hereford x Holstein) 1225.075.00.02-w heifers: 20.8 3-w heifers: 21.1 Inbar et al., 2001 (Holstein) 2070.025.05.0- Kulick et al., 2001 (Holstein) 2356.543.50.0-

31. Estrous Cycle Control Precise control of estrous cycle requires: Precise control of estrous cycle requires: Manipulation of follicular waves.Manipulation of follicular waves. Manipulation of Luteal Lifespan.Manipulation of Luteal Lifespan.

32. MANIPULATING THE ESTROUS CYCLE Synchronization of Follicular Growth GnRH Estradiol Progesterone Regulation of CL Regression PGF 2  Progestin/Progesterone Induction of Ovulation GnRH Estradiol

33. A closer look at prostaglandin What does prostaglandin do? What does prostaglandin do? Causes the CL to regress (luteolysis)Causes the CL to regress (luteolysis) Does not synchronize the growth of the follicles!Does not synchronize the growth of the follicles! Does a poor job of synchronizing estrus to a given day.Does a poor job of synchronizing estrus to a given day. What is expected? What is expected? When we randomly inject a group of cows we expect 66% of the cows to show estrus with in a 7 day period.When we randomly inject a group of cows we expect 66% of the cows to show estrus with in a 7 day period.

34. Does prostaglandin work? Administration of PGF2 to cows with a mature CL will result in 85-95% of treated cows being in estrus within 7d - documented! Administration of PGF2 to cows with a mature CL will result in 85-95% of treated cows being in estrus within 7d - documented! Armstrong et al Vet Record 1989Armstrong et al Vet Record 1989 Folman et al J. Dairy Sci 1990Folman et al J. Dairy Sci 1990 Macmillian&Henderson,Anim.Reprod.Sci 1983Macmillian&Henderson,Anim.Reprod.Sci 1983 Rosenberg et al J. Dairy Sci 1990Rosenberg et al J. Dairy Sci 1990 Do not blame failures on the drug! Very very rarely does this occur! Do not blame failures on the drug! Very very rarely does this occur!

35. Days from PGF PGF –140 PGF Targeted Breeding™ “Setup” PGF “Breeding” Day 0 = end of volunteer waiting period +14 heat  AI TAI* If no heat - TAI at 80 hr after PGF heat  AI

36. Injection Schedule for Targeted Breeding  PGF TAI 80 hr No AI Heat detection - AI

37. Synchronization of estrus using PGF2  Sun WedThuFriSatTueMon Estrous detection + AI PGF2  PGF2  treatment Timed AI at 80 h after 3rd PGF2  treatment Estrous detection + AI

38. 0 10 20 30 40 50 012345678 Days from PGF2 treatment Days from PGF2  treatment Cows in estrus (%) Time to estrus after 1st PGF2  treatment Pregnancy Rate / Artificial Insemination (PR/AI) 49% Bred 46% PR/AI

39. 0 10 20 30 40 50 012345678 Days from PGF2 treatment Days from PGF2  treatment Cows in estrus (%) Time to estrus after 2nd PGF2  treatment Pregnancy Rate / Artificial Insemination (PR/AI) 33% Bred 46% PR/AI 3rd PGF2  treatment: Timed AI at 80 h 18% Bred 4% PR/AI

40. 10Ovulation21 Days after ovulation Time to estrus after PGF2  treatment Day 7 Day 10 Heifers Cows PGF2  7 Momont and Seguin, 1984 48  4 63  8 78  19 78  19 100  35 PGF2 

41. Targeted Breeding success depends on Regular observance of a VWP Regular observance of a VWP Consistently injecting cows with PGF2 Consistently injecting cows with PGF2 Proper injection techniques Proper injection techniques Accurate heat detection Accurate heat detection Good conception rates Good conception rates Early post breeding detection of open cows Early post breeding detection of open cows

42. Synchronization of estrus using PGF2  Advantages Advantages Concentrate labor associated with estrous detection and AI Disadvantages Disadvantages Poor conception rates with timed AI Must rely on estrous detection for AI

43. Synchronization Goals Optimize Labor Optimize Labor Consumer Concerns Consumer Concerns Optimize Cost Optimize Cost Maximize Pregnancies Maximize Pregnancies

44. Синхронизация полового цикла Схема Ovsynch Схема Ovsynch Схема Co-Synch Схема Co-Synch Схема Pre-Synch Схема Pre-Synch Схема Re-Synch Схема Re-Synch

45. Ovsynch Protocol GnRH PGF 2  7 days48 hr GnRH CL(s) regresses ovulates Dominant follicle 0-24 hr TAI LH surge ovulates Dominant follicle Note: Majority of animals do NOT show heat

46. Injection Schedule for Ovsynch™ Protocol PGF GnRHTAI GnRH 48 hr 0-24 hr

47. Effect of Interval between GnRH and AI on Pregnancy Rate Pursley, et al., 1998. JDS 81:2139

48. Ovsynch Advantages Advantages Improves pregnancy rate by improving AI service rate Conception rate to TAI is similar to that of AI to a standing estrus Eliminates estrous detection for first postpartum breeding Cost effective Disadvantages Disadvantages Most cows are not in estrus at TAI Poor conception rate in virgin dairy heifers

49. Pregnancy Exam Pregnant Other CysticOpen CL Yes CL No DONE! Prostaglandin & HD Heat No Heat Yes Breed Ovsynch DNB, infuse, Other as directed Pregnancy exam decision tree

50. Co-synch Protocol GnRH PGF 2  7 days48 hr GnRH and %TAI CL(s) regresses LH surge ovulates Dominant follicle Note: Majority of animals do NOT show heat

51. Injection Schedule for Co-synch™ Protocol PGF GnRH TAI GnRH 48 hr

52. 7 Days36 - 48 hours GnRH PGF 2  GnRH TAI + TAI

53. Conception and Calving Rates of Lactating Cows Receiving a Timed AI at Various Intervals from the Second GnRH Injection 23% 32% 36% 34% 32% 0 10 20 30 40 50 08162432 Hours after 2nd GnRH injection Calving Rate (%) 32% 41% 45% 41% 37% 0 10 20 30 40 50 08162432 Hours after 2nd GnRH injection Conception Rate (%) Conception Rate Calving Rate

54. Co-Synch Advantages Advantages Reduces handling periods form four to three Disadvantages Disadvantages Does not optimize timing of AI for maximum conception rate

55. MGA Protocols Melengestrol Acetate synthetic progestational steroid MGA-PG MGA-Co-synch 7-11 Synch 7-11 Synch MGA Short Synch MGA Short Synch

56. MGA 14 days 1 1426 3336 GnRH PGF GnRH & AI MGA-CO-Synch

57. Fixed-Time AI Pregnancy Rates Treatment Trial 1 (%) Trial 2 (%)Total(%) MGA-CO-Synch 586361 CO-Synch514547 Perry et al., 2001.

58. MGA Short Synch - Heifers 1568 GnRH PGFGnRH Start MGA End MGA Timed AI For cows shift MGA to D6, PG on D7, GnRH/AI on D9.

59. What is a CIDR? Intravaginal progesterone insert. Intravaginal progesterone insert. T-Shaped device. T-Shaped device. Nylon spine covered by a progesterone impregnated silicone skin. Nylon spine covered by a progesterone impregnated silicone skin. Blood progesterone levels rise rapidly upon insertion of CIDR. Blood progesterone levels rise rapidly upon insertion of CIDR.

61. Indications Synchronization of estrus in Synchronization of estrus in beef cowsbeef cows beef heifersbeef heifers dairy cowsdairy cows dairy heifersdairy heifers Advances first postpartum estrus in cows (Treatment of anestrous {non-cycling} cows) Advances first postpartum estrus in cows (Treatment of anestrous {non-cycling} cows) Advance pubertal estrus in heifers Advance pubertal estrus in heifers

62. CIDR Inserts Blood progesterone levels reach maximal concentrations within 1 hour of insertion. Blood progesterone levels reach maximal concentrations within 1 hour of insertion. P4 concentrations remain at a relatively constant level during 7 days in vagina. P4 concentrations remain at a relatively constant level during 7 days in vagina. Upon removal, P4 concentrations are quickly eliminated. Upon removal, P4 concentrations are quickly eliminated. Retention rate is high (97-98%). Retention rate is high (97-98%).

63. CIDR Day 0 PGF Day 6 Remove CIDR Day 7 AI on detected estrus Days 7-11 EAZI-BREED CIDR ™ Insert Program

64. 14±121±1 Insert CIDR Remove CIDR Observe Heat & AI CIDR – Re-Synch Protocol Days after 1 st Insemination For Heifers, insert CIDR on D12, remove on D19.

65. GnRH 0 7 PGF 9 GnRH & AI CIDR – CO-Synch - Cows Insert CIDR Remove CIDR

66. GnRH 0 6 PGF 8 GnRH & AI CIDR – Co-Synch - Heifers Insert CIDR Remove CIDR

67. GnRH TuesdayMonday PGF Wednesday GnRH & AI CIDR – CO-Synch Insert CIDR Remove CIDR

68. CIDR Co-Synch (4 Trials): Beef Cows Treatment Preg Rates (%) Cycling Noncycling CIDR-CO-Synch5945 CO-Synch4832 Lamb et al., 2001 & Lucy et al., 2001

69. CO-Synch with CIDR

70. CIDR-Co-Synch - Heifers Treatment Preg Rate (%) CIDR-Co-Synch68 Co-Synch39

71. 7 Days2 days 2 DaysGnRH (100  g) Treatment Groups: TAI (12-18 h) PGF 2  (25 mg) GnRH (100  g) ± CIDR Blood samples collected to determine reproductive status UltrasoundExaminations

72. Effect of a CIDR device during Ovsynch on conception rate (%) at 28 d post TAI n=225 n=95 n=320 n=313 n=87 n=226 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 CyclingAnovularTotal Conception Rate (%) Ovsynch Ovsynch + CIDR * Differs from Ovsynch (P<0.025) * 50.8 40.9 * 55.2 34.7 49.1 43.5

73. Effect of a CIDR device during Ovsynch on pregnancy loss (%) from 28 to 56 d post TAI n=98 n=111 n=209 n=81 n=48 n=33 0 10 20 30 40 OvsynchOvsynch + CIDRTotal Pregnancy Loss (%) Cycling Anovular * Differs from cycling (P<0.001) 18.3 30.3 11.7 33.3 14.8 * 32.1

74. The #1 Cattle Breeding Company in the World! ( 10.9% / 0.75%) (6.3% / 0.45%) (1.9% / 0.13%) (1.7% / 0.06%) (5.5% / 0.03%) n = 512 breedings; 480 calvings Total loss (d28 to calving) = 24.7% (% loss / avg. % loss per day) Day 28 - 56: 13.5% Потери с т ельности у лактирующих коров 28567098 282 42 Fricke et al., 1998

75. MGA/CIDR/GnRH MGA or the CIDR can be added to any of the GnRH systems MGA or the CIDR can be added to any of the GnRH systems Helps eliminate number of cattle showing heat prior to prostaglandin Helps eliminate number of cattle showing heat prior to prostaglandin Helps reduce short cycles Helps reduce short cycles

76. Presynch Basically the ovsynch program with two doses of prostaglandin 14 days apart prior to starting ovsynch. Basically the ovsynch program with two doses of prostaglandin 14 days apart prior to starting ovsynch. Hypothesis was to synchronize the cows prior to synchronizing the cows Hypothesis was to synchronize the cows prior to synchronizing the cows Results have been somewhat better with pre-synch compared to ovsynch. Results have been somewhat better with pre-synch compared to ovsynch.

77. 2 Days 16 hGnRH PGF 2  GnRH TAI 7 Days377372706351 Days postpartum 14 Days 12 Days PGF 2 

78. Injection Schedule for Presynch PGF GnRH TAI GnRH

79. Florida – Thatcher, Kansas – Stevenson, North Dakota - Fricke Conception Rates (%) N= 262 N= 272 N= 134 N= 264 N= 278 N= 135 North Dakota Study done with 14 day interval, others with 12

80. Synchronization and Conception Rates 68 41 51 82 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Synchronization RateConception Rate Percent (%) Ovsynch Pre-Synch n=89 n=95 n=97 P=0.147 Navanukraw et al., unpublished

81. 28 41 40 34 36 0 10 20 30 40 50 1-45-89-1213-1617-21 Day of estrous cycle Conception rate, % Effect of Stage of Cycle at first GnRH injection of Ovsynch on Conception Rate

82. d 9 GnRH d 7 PGF 2  d 10 TAI 2 4 6 8 0 Plasma P 4 (ng/ml) P4P4 d 0 GnRH Initiation of the Ovsynch/TAI protocol at metestrus (d 1 to d 4 of the estrous cycle) Ovulation

83. Initiation of the Ovsynch/TAI protocol at diestrus (d 5 to 12 of the estrous cycle) GnRHPGF 2  TAI 2 4 6 8 0 P 4, ng/ml P4P4 d 5 to d 12 GnRH HIGH +7 d +9 d+9.5 d

84. d 9 GnRH d 7 PGF 2  d 10 TAI 2 4 6 8 0 Plasma P 4 (ng/ml) P4P4 Initiation of the Ovsynch/TAI protocol at late diestrus (d 13 to d 17 of the estrous cycle) PGF 2  d 0 GnRH HIGHLOW Ovulation

85. PRE-SYNCHRONIZATION TREATMENT Day of Estrus PGF 2  d -14 PGF 2  d 0 d 2d 3d 4d 5d 6d 7 GnRH d 14 Day 7 Day 8 Day 9 Day 10 Day 11 Day 12

86. Pre-Synch Advantages Systematic approach for first AI service Improves conception rate to TAI Disadvantages Requires two additional injections Not useful for re-synchronizing cows that do not conceive to initial TAI

89. Injection Schedule for Presynch

90. Re-synch Putting cows that are found open back on the synch program. Putting cows that are found open back on the synch program. Can be done at the time the animal is preg checked in the case of PGF2α Can be done at the time the animal is preg checked in the case of PGF2α Can be done at the time of preg check or 1 week prior to if using ovsynch Can be done at the time of preg check or 1 week prior to if using ovsynch depends on timing of preg check??depends on timing of preg check?? Little data on this currently Little data on this currently

91. Re Enrollment Choices Wait…. Wait…. Palpate and PgF2 Palpate and PgF2 PgF2 all PgF2 all PgF2 CL’s and Ovsynch the rest PgF2 CL’s and Ovsynch the rest Ovsynch 100% Ovsynch 100% Resynch 1 week prior to HC Resynch 1 week prior to HC

92. Re-Synch Groups -9 -20 G T TR P GTAI G+TAI G 19 T 26 T USP US+P 28 R GTAI G+TAI USG US+G 26 T 3335 TRP GTAI G+TAI USG US+G 33 T 4042 TR P GTAI G+TAI Fricke et al., 2003

93. Re Enrollment On most commercial dairies, re- enrollment represents 2-4 percent Pregnancy Rate (PR) improvement On most commercial dairies, re- enrollment represents 2-4 percent Pregnancy Rate (PR) improvement Assuming each PR point is worth $20 marginal income per cow per year, each point of PR improvement represents $10,000 for a 500 cow herd Assuming each PR point is worth $20 marginal income per cow per year, each point of PR improvement represents $10,000 for a 500 cow herd

94. Ultrasound Pregnancy Detection Empty cow Pregnant cow 28 days Pregnant cow 37 days

97. Summary and Considerations Eliminate the interval from the VWP to first AI service Identify non-pregnant cows early and return them to AI service Efficient and accurate heat detection for the specified days is essential Implementation of a good synchronization protocol cannot "fix" bad management !

98. Вопросы ?