2. Warring City-States Ch. 5 section 2 pg. 115

3. New Kind of Army Bronze weapons were expensive Iron was more common, cheaper, and harder –Ordinary citizens can arm themselves!

4. Phalanx Citizens were expected to defend the polis Foot soldiers called hoplites stood side by side, holding a spear in one hand, and a shield in another Formation was called a Phalanx

6. Sparta Located in southern part of Greece known as the Peloponnesus Nearly cut off from rest of Greece by Gulf of Corinth Built a military state

7. Sparta conquered neighbor Messenia in 725 B.C. and took over land Messenians became helots- slightly higher than slaves to Spartans 600 B.C. helots revolted and outnumbered the Spartans Spartans barely beat the helots and scared them into creating a strong government

8. Spartan Government Two kings led Sparta –1 king handled military –1 king took care of domestic matters A council of Elders –Made up of 28 male citizens over the age of 60 –Proposed laws and served as a criminal court An assembly –Included all male citizens over 30 –Elected 5 ephors Made sure the kings stayed within the law Elected for a 1 year term –Controlled the education of Spartans

9. Spartan Society Life centered around military training At age 7, boys left home and moved into military barracks At age 20, man was able to wed, but still lived in barracks for another 10 years, remained on active duty another 20 years and could retire when he was 60

10. Spartan Women Spartan girls put Spartan service above family and love didn’t receive military training but would wrestle, run an play sports they ran the household and raised children as men were away serving in the military Didn’t have the right to vote, but had more rights than other city-state women Their best value was seen as producing Spartan soldiers

11. From 600- 371 B.C. Sparta had the most powerful army in Greece, but had no individual expression or appreciation

12. Athens

13. Athens Builds a Limited Democracy Athens north of Sparta Outlook and values very different than Sparta

14. An ambassador from the city-state of Corinth once compared Athens and Sparta “ Sparta has the strongest army in Greece, but they are too cautious and lack imagination and curiosity. Athens was eager to learn new ideas because they were educated to think and act as free people”

15. Athens After a power struggle with rich and poor, Athens defeated the idea of a civil war by creating a democracy- a rule by the citizens Only free adult males counted as citizens Women focused on cooking, cleaning and mothering

16. Reforms Reforms Common people opposed aristocrats running the government and stopped an attempt of nobles establishing a tyranny Demanded a written code of laws Draco, a Greek lawmaker, drafted the first code that was mainly about contracts and property ownership

17. 546 B.C. Solon, a well liked statesman, gets full power to reform the law Solon allows all citizens to participate and debate in policies Solon responsible for overseas trade profit, but ignored land reforms, causing fighting between rich landowners and poor 508 B.C. Cleisthenes is the leader of Athens and creates a full democracy

18. The Persian Wars

19. Danger of helot revolt= Sparta becoming a military state Danger of civil war= Athens creates a democracy Greatest danger of all- invasion of Persian armies Persian wars- wars between Greece and Persian empire

20. Persian Wars Began in Ionia, on coast of Anatolia Greeks long been settled there, but Persians conquered the area Ionian Greeks revolted, Athens sends ships and soldiers to aid them

21. Persian King Darius defeated the rebels and vowed to destroy Athens in revenge Remember him? He’s the bodyguard who killed the king!

22. In 490 B.C., Persian fleet carried 25,000 men across the Aegean Sea and landed on plain NE of Athens called Marathon

23. Darius greeted by 10,000 Athenians arranged in phalanxes Greeks charge at Persians who wore light armor and lacked training in this type of combat- no match for Greek phalanx After several hours, Persians retreat, casualties 6,400 Persians, 192 Athenians

24. The Marathon Athenians win battle, but city of Athens stood defenseless Send young man named Pheidippides to run to Athens and give them the message of the victory, and not give up the city without a fight Sprinted from Marathon to Athens, 25 miles

25. And now you know… Pheidippides delivered his message, “Nike”, collapsed, and then died His heroic run inspired officials at the 1896 Olympic Games in Athens to add a 26-mile marathon to their competition Nike means victory

26. More about the Persian War Greek army quickly set off to Athens to prepare and wait for another attack from the Persians Persians sailed away in retreat 10 years later, Persian empire who vowed to destroy Athens, invades again. Darius now dead, son Xerxes assembles enormous invasion

27. Greeks really divided- some say let them burn Athens and get it over with, some fought with Athens, some city-states even fought on the Persian side Xerxes army met no resistance as it marched down the eastern Greek coast

28. But when Xerxes came to a narrow mountain pass at Thermopylae, 7000 Greeks including 300 Spartans blocked his way

29. Fought for 3 days, then Xerxes found a secret path around cliffs Spartans stayed to fight fearing defeat, while other Greeks retreated All 300 Spartans were killed http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OqXb3PKuYeo&feature=relate d http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OqXb3PKuYeo&feature=relate d http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xqzX8nIbOAs&feature=related

30. Meanwhile, Athenians decide best way to defend city is to fight at sea Position Greek fleet near island Salamis in a narrow channel Xerxes send ships to block both ends of channel, but ships to big and couldn’t maneuver well through channel

31. Greek ships drove their rams through the wooden hulls of the Persian fleet, puncturing the warships 1/3 of Xerxes fleet sank Spartans defeated the rest of Persian Army at a third battle on the plain of Plataea

32. Consequences of Persian Wars Greek city-states feel a new sense of confidence and freedom Athens leads an alliance of 140 Greek cities called the Delian League, ending the threat of future attacks from Persia Athens enters a “Golden Age”