3. Named after Minos, a legendary king Located on island of Crete, Greece’s largest island Success was based on trade/commerce Widespread trade routes: made contact with Egypt, Mesopotamia, & Middle East

4. Invaders who brought down Minoans Lived in city-states on mainland Greece Wealthy rulers hoarded huge treasures Best remembered for role in Trojan War (actual war!) Declined due to sea raiders

5. LITERATURE Homer, author of Illiad and Odyssey Illiad tells story of Trojan War (chief source) Odyssey tells story of a Greek hero, Odysseus Both great epic poems showing values of the period- honor, courage WAR fought between Myceneans and Trojans Trojan prince kidnapped wife of a Greek King (legend) Actual: economic rivalry

6. GREECE AEGEAN SEA

7. Part of Balkan peninsula, extends into Mediterranean Sea Biggest impact of geography: Mountains created ideal conditions for building of city-states Seas- vital link to outside world

8. Monarchy with 2 kings, Assembly, & Council of Elders Trade and travel not allowed (isolationism) Military society o Age 7: began military training o Age 20: men were allowed to marry Wanted healthy babies & healthy mothers

9. Girls trained to be mothers of soldiers Women were expected to produce healthy babies Women had to obey fathers & husbands, but were allowed to own property Helots (slaves) did all nonmilitary

10. “Spartans are willing to die for their city because they have no reason to live.”

11. Aristotle: “The man is by nature fitter for command than the female just as an older person is superior to a younger, more immature person.”

12. Limited democracy (more on this later) Laws made by Assembly Only male citizens in Assembly Trade with other city-states All citizens were equal

13. Women & slaves- excluded from becoming citizens Women inferior & did not take part in public life Education reserved strictly for boys Boys learned to be well-spoken democratic citizens and participated in athletic contests

16. Term refers both to a vast, ancient region AND to modern-day Iran. Iran was known as Persia up until 1935. Official Persian boundaries changed greatly over time….

17. vast empire- By 500 B.C., threat to Athens Boundaries of Persia around 500 B.C- stretched from parts of Egypt well into Asia Minor and border of India Darius I- angry at Greek’s interference in the uprisings in his kingdom (Persia) “Master, remember the Athenians…”

18. Cause: began when Ionian Greeks rebelled against Persian rule in Asia Minor, and Athens sent ships over to help Events: Athenians had victory at Marathon; Athens persuaded Sparta & other Greek city- states to join in fight against Persia Results: Greeks defeat Persians; Delian League (alliance) is formed; Athenian golden age ! Athens emerges as most powerful state in Greece

19. Monarchy- king & queen exercise central power Aristocracy- rule by a landholding elite (gentry) Oligarchy- power belongs to a select elite ***All above forms were present in ancient Greece, but Athens slowly evolved toward democracy by approx 600 B.C.

20. Pericles governed over Athens from 460 – 429 B.C.E. made Athens more democratic by direct democracy, (large # of citizens take direct part in the day-to-day affairs of government). believed all male citizens, regardless of wealth or social class, should take part in government Economic & Cultural Life: Athens became cultural center (thinkers, writers, artists, public festivals)

21. Pericles gave speech at funeral of Athenians killed in battle. praised Athenian form of government, stressed rights and duties of citizenship. considered one of earliest and greatest expressions of democratic ideals.

22. “We alone regard a man who takes no interest in public affairs, not as a harmless but as a useless character.” What is he saying about the duties of citizenship?

23. Causes: Greeks resented Athenian domination & formed Peloponnesian League to oppose Delian League; Sparta was against democracy Results: Sparta defeated Athenians. Athenian domination came to an end. It eventually revived and remained a cultural center, but democracy suffered for years to come 

24. GREEK AGAINST GREEK: WHY DID ATHENS LOSE? Sparta had advantage over Athens because of inland location Plague broke out in Athens killing a third of its population Spartans overpowered Athenians and captured Athens in 404 B.C.E.

25. Son of King Philip of Macedonia (area of land North of Greece) King Philip conquered Greek city-states; when he was assassinated, Alexander took over Alexander made conquests from Greece to Egypt to Persia to India Introduced ideas on marriage, education, $ Responsible for assimilation/ blending of cultures Created Hellenistic Civilization