1. Section 11.3 MUTATIONS Section 11.3 pgs. 296 - 301

2. Objectives  Categorize different kinds of mutations that can occur in DNA.  Compare the effects of different kinds of mutations on cells and organisms.

3. Think, Pair, Share 1. What concepts/ideas come to mind when you hear the term mutation? 2. What could determine whether a mutation would or wouldn’t have an effect on an organism? 3. When or how could DNA be changed?

4. Mutations  Mutation = change in DNA sequence  Mutations can be caused by errors in replication, transcription, translation, cell division, or external agents.  Mutations in Reproductive Cells can affect potential offspring (ex: inheritable genetic disorders)  Mutations in Body Cells do not get passed onto offspring (ex: if an individual develops skin cancer)

5. MUTATIONS  Ex. 1 - THE DOG RAN ALL DAY becomes THE DOG SRA NAL LDA Y THE DOG SRA NAL LDA Y or or  Ex. 2 - THE DOG RAN ALL DAY becomes THE DOG RAN ALL DAD THE DOG RAN ALL DAD Think, Pair, Share 4. Explain what happened in the 1 st example. 5. Explain what happened in the 2 nd example. 6. Why are the words 3 letters long?

6. Types of Mutations - Types of Mutations - can alter the genetic code causing changes to amino acids and then the protein produced. Frameshift - moves reading frame to the left or right. Original sentence – THE DOG RAN ALL DAY  Deletion = a base is deleted (THE DOG ANA LLD AY)  Insertion = a base is added (THE DOG SRA NAL LDA Y)

7. Point Mutation/Substitution – One base is substituted in place of another possibly altering amino acids produced  Missense Mutation – changes the amino acid  THE DOG RAN ALL DAY  THE DOG RAN ALL DAD

8. POINT MUTATION/SUBSTITIUTION  Nonsense Mutation – changes amino acid to a stop codon.  THE DOG RAN ALL DAY  THE DOG RAN ALL

9. POINT MUTATION/SUBSTITUTION  Silent Mutation – Doesn’t change the amino acid  Think, Pair, Share 7. Using the chart on pg. 292 give an example of how changing one of the 3 bases in a codon would result in a Silent Mutation. Write the original codon, changed codon, and amino acid coded for.

10.  http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072556781/student_view0 /chapter11/animation_quiz_4.html http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072556781/student_view0 /chapter11/animation_quiz_4.html http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072556781/student_view0 /chapter11/animation_quiz_4.html

13. 8. Describe what has happened to the each chromosome above.

14. Chromosomal Alterations Chromosomes can be - broken off or lost during mitosis/meiosis - break off and rejoin incorrectly Fig. 11.12 pg. 300 – Four kinds of chromosomal mutations. 1.Deletion 2.Insertion 3.Inversion 4.Translocation

15.  Mutation of genetic material will affect the proteins produced

16. Textbook pg. 299 #’s 1&4 Working with another lab group answer questions 1 & 4 on the dry erase boards. Be prepared to share your answers with other groups.

17. Sickle Cell – result from the change in one base on Chromosome 11.

18. Cause & Repair  Some mutations are spontaneous others can be the result of long term  Mutagen = any agent that causes DNA change (ex: harmful chemicals, radiation)  Cells have repair mechanisms and special enzymes that can fix incorrect DNA.