1. Principles of Behavior Sixth Edition Richard W. Malott Western Michigan University Power Point by Nikki Hoffmeister

2. Chapter 18 Interval Schedules

3. What is a Fixed-Interval Schedule? Fixed-Interval (FI) Schedule of Reinforcement: A reinforcer is contingent on the first response, after a fixed interval of time, since the last opportunity for reinforcement.

4. What type of responding results from an FI schedule? Fixed-Interval Scallop: A fixed-interval schedule often produces a scallop – a gradual increase in the rate of responding, with responding occurring at a high rate just before reinforcement is available. No responding occurs for some time after reinforcement.

5. Fixed-Interval Scallop

6. Joe’s Term Paper Sid assigned a term paper the first day of class Joe has 15 weeks to complete the project The following figure is a cumulative record of Joe’s work under this schedule Weeks are plotted on the abscissa Cumulative number of hours he worked are on the ordinate

7. FI Scallop of Joe’s Paper Writing

8. Joe’s Term Paper Joe spent no time preparing the paper in the first 7 weeks Finally, in the 8 th week, he spent 5 hours preparing He did more the next week And even more the next week He spent the final week in a frenzy of long hours in the library This is an FI scallop, right? Wrong.

9. Contrasting Fixed-Interval and Term- Paper Schedules FeatureFixed- Interval Term- Paper Does early responding affect anything? NoYes Do you get more if you work harder? NoYes Is the relevant response class clear? YesNo Are there calendars and clocks?NoYes Is there a deadline?NoYes Is the reinforcer too delayed?NoYes

10. Congress Example What’s the cumulative record of passing laws by the US Congress? A scallop; just like the pigeon pecking a key on an FI schedule. Members of Congress return from their annual recess (reinforcer). They pause for a few months, and then they pass the first law, and gradually increase passing laws until right before the next time for recess.

11. Is law-passing on an FI schedule? No In this analysis, we ask the same questions we did in the term paper example

12. FeatureFixed- Interval Congress Does early responding affect anything? NoYes Do you get more if you work harder? NoYes Is the reinforcer contingent on the final response? YesNo Immediate reinforcer?YesNo Is there a deadline?NoYes Clocks or calendars?NoYes

13. Other Non-Examples The TV Schedule S Δ : Calendar and clock say 9:30 AM Monday S D : Calendar and clock say 11:30 PM Saturday Behavior: You turn TV to channel 8 After: You have no opportunity to see your favorite TV show After: You have opportunity to see your favorite TV show Before: You have no opportunity to see your favorite TV show

14. Analysis Problem 1: –You have a calendar and clock; Rudolph doesn’t –If you didn’t, you might respond like Rudolph: responding more and more quickly as time passed Problem 2: –You have a deadline; Rudolph doesn’t

15. Other Non-Examples The Paycheck S Δ : It has been 1 week since last paycheck S D : It has been 2 weeks since last paycheck Behavior: You pick up your paycheck After: You have no paycheck After: You have a paycheck Before: You have no paycheck

16. A Good Example You’re watching Seinfeld Commercials come on You switch to Jerry Springer But you keep switching back and forth with increasing frequency as the commercial interval wears on One of your flips is reinforced by Seinfeld

17. Superstition in the Pigeon Skinner put a pigeon in a Skinner box. He placed a feeder in the box every 15 seconds, regardless of what the bird was doing. The first time, just prior to the feeder being presented, the pigeon had made an abrupt counter clockwise turn. He did the same thing the next time, right before the feeder came up.

18. Results The bird performed a stereotyped pattern of behavior: –rapid and persistent counter clockwise turns.

19. What is a Fixed-Time Schedule? Fixed-Time Schedule of Reinforcer Delivery: A reinforcer is delivered after the passage of a fixed period of time, independently of the response.

20. What is Superstitious Behavior? Superstitious Behavior: Behaving as if the response causes some specific outcome, when it really does not.

21. What is a Variable-Interval Schedule? Variable-Interval (VI) Schedule of Reinforcement: A reinforcer is contingent on the first response after a variable interval of time since the last opportunity for reinforcement.

22. VI Schedules The opportunity for reinforcement comes as a direct function of the passage of time. Thus, it is a time-dependent schedule. The lengths of the intervals between opportunities are varied.

23. VI Schedules Although the opportunity for reinforcement occurs as a function of time alone, the subject must make the response after the interval is over for reinforcement to occur. Time alone will not bring about the reinforcer.

24. What type of responding does a VI schedule produce? Variable-Interval Responding: Variable-interval schedules produce a moderate rate of responding, with almost no post-reinforcement pausing.

25. VI Responding

26. Responses can produce reinforcers in 2 ways: 1.Continuous Reinforcement: Every response produces a reinforcer. 2.Intermittent Reinforcement: Only some responses produce a reinforcer.

27. 4 Classic Intermittent Schedules FixedVariable RatioFixed-RatioVariable-Ratio IntervalFixed-IntervalVariable-Interval

28. Intermittent Reinforcement & Extinction Resistance to Extinction and Intermittent Reinforcement: Intermittent reinforcement makes the response more resistant to extinction than does continuous reinforcement.

29. What is Resistance to Extinction? Resistance to Extinction: The number of responses or amount of time before a response extinguishes. The more an intermittent schedule differs from continuous reinforcement, the more the behavior resists extinction.

30. Interval Schedules vs. Time Schedules Fixed IntervalFixed Time Involves TimeYes Requires a Response YesNo

31. Comparing & Contrasting Ratio & Variable Schedules of Reinforcement ScheduleReinforcer Follows Behavior RATIOA number of responses Fixed RatioFixed number of responses After reinforcement, no responding occurs for some time. Then it occurs at a high, steady rate until next reinforcer. VariableVariable number of responses Responding occurs at a high steady rate, with almost no post- reinforcement pausing.

32. ScheduleReinforcer Follows Behavior INTERVALThe first response after a time interval Fixed IntervalFirst response after a fixed time interval No response occurs immediately after reinforcement. Then the rate increases slowly as the interval advances (scallop). Variable Interval First response after a variable time interval A consistent and steady rate of responding occurs, with almost no post- reinforcement pausing.

33. ScheduleReinforcer Follows Behavior TIMEA time period whether or not there is a response Fixed TimeA fixed-time period, whether or not there is a response No behavior, unless superstitious behavior resulting from accidental reinforcement of the response of interest.

34. Cumulative Records of 4 Schedules

35. Intermittent Reinforcement & Extinction Why does intermittent reinforcement increase resistance to extinction? It’s easy for the rats to “tell the difference” between CRF and extinction. –During CRF, all responses produce reinforcers –During extinction, none of them do

36. Also… It’s hard for the rats to “tell the difference” between intermittent reinforcement and extinction –During intermittent reinforcement, only an occasional response produces a reinforcer –During extinction, none of them do The rats quickly discriminate between CRF and extinction They greatly generalize between intermittent reinforcement and extinction

37. Intermediate Enrichment Response Strength: –Response frequency –Resistance to extinction –Behavioral momentum Skinner rejected “response strength,” claiming it is a reification When you have 2 different ways of measuring the same thing, that thing is probably a reification –Those different measures may not agree

38. Example A pigeon has 2 keys in the box –One is on a CRF schedule –One is a VI 1 According to Resistance to Extinction-Response Strength Measure: –The response on a VI 1 schedule is stronger because it is more resistant to extinction But…the pigeon will most likely continue pecking the CRF key more often than the VI 1 key

39. On DickMalott.com Chapter 18 Advanced Enrichment Section –Why Do Limited Holds Work the Way They Do? –Why Does Intermittent Reinforcement Increase Resistance to Extinction?

40. Join us for Chapter 19: Concurrent Contingencies