1. Sentence Study
Week 5
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2. Outline Passive voice Clause Changing clauses to modifying phrases
Adjective Clause
Adverb Clause
Noun Clause
Changing clauses to modifying phrases
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3. Objective The students are expected to be able to
read and comprehend complicated sentences by answering questions correctly.
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4. 1. Reviews of Types of dependent Clauses
Adjective Clause
Adverbial Clause
Noun Clause
2. Passive Voice
3. Sentence Transformation  Changing Clauses modifying phrases
3. Understanding Complicated sentences
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5. Types of Dependent Clauses
1. Adjective Clause
An adjective clause is used to describe a noun:
Ex. The car, which was red, belonged to Mr. Peterson.
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6. A relative pronoun is usually used to introduce an adjective clause:
Hans, who is an architect, lives in Berlin.
Mike, whom Hans knows well, is an interior decorator.
Judy has a dog which follows her everywhere.
Mike is decorating a house that Hans designed.
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7. More Practice on adjective clauses at:
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8. 2. Adverb clause
An adverb clause is a dependent clause which takes the place of an adverb in another clause or phrase.
An adverb clause answers questions such as "when?", "where?", "why?", "with what goal/result?", and "under what conditions?".
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9. Type Question answered Example
Place
Where?
Wherever there are computers, there is Microsoft software.
Time
When?
After the fruit is harvested, it is sold at the market.
Cause
Why? (What caused this?)
I didn't call her because I'm shy.
Purpose
Why? (What was the reason for doing this?)
She took a computer course so that she could get a better job.
Concession
Why is this unexpected?
Although Jay has a Master's degree, he works as a store clerk.
Condition
Under what conditions?
If you save your money, you will be able to go to college.
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10. More Practice on adverb clauses at:
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11. 3. Noun Clause
A noun clause is a clause which does the work of a noun in a sentence. It is a group of words containing a subject and a finite verb of its own.
Usually noun clauses begin with that, what, where, when, who, whom, which, whose, how, why, whether, etc.
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12. Uses of Noun Clauses A. As the subject of a verb
Why she kept on crying puzzled every one.
B. As the direct object
Nobody knows  how he got involved in
gangland activities  
noun clause
main verb
verb
noun clause
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13. c.As the complement of the verb "to be"
What we are worried about is that he may have another heart attack.
The question is why they could escape through the front door when there were so many guards there.
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14. More Examples He said that he would not come.
We were all curious to know what he had done.
Nobody knows when the registration will begin.
We all wanted to find out who the winner was.
Whom they were in contact with on the day of the robbery is of great interest to the police.
Jane is not sure which university she should apply for.
The judges had a hard time deciding whose painting was the best.
How the baby fell from the window is a mystery.
They asked the boy why he had hit his classmate.
Whether you like it or not is not the issue.
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15. Passive Voice There are two special forms for verbs called voice:
Active voice
Passive voice
Passive voice makes sense when the agent performing the action is obvious, unimportant, or unknown.
The passive voice is effective in such circumstances because it highlights the action and what is acted upon rather than the agent performing the action.
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16. To create a passive sentence, you must know:
Who is the person (the "agent") of the action? (the "doer")
Who is the object (the "receiver) of the action?
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17. AGENT (person doing the flip)
RECEIVER (coin)
ACTIVE
He flipped a coin to decide who would go first.
(He is unimportant.)
PASSIVE
A coin was flipped to decide who would
go first (Focus on the coin flip.)
AGENT (person doing the flip)
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18. John was shaking his little brother, Jimmy. (Focus on aggressor .)
AGENT (aggressor)
ACTIVE
John was shaking his little brother, Jimmy.
(Focus on aggressor .)
PASSIVE
Jimmy was being shaken by John. (Focus on victim.) 
RECEIVER (victim)
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19. The Passive is formed: Passive Subject + To Be + Past Participle
It is often used in business and in other areas where the object of the action is more important than those who perform the action.
Only verbs that take an object can be used in the passive.
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20. The object of the active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb:
Cats
eat
fish.
Passive
subject
Verb
Object
Fish
are eaten
by cats
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21. We have produced over 20 different models in the past two years.
For Example:
We have produced over 20 different models in the past two years.
Changes to:
Over 20 different models have been produced in the past two years.
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22. If the agent (the performer of the action) is important, use "by“.
For Example:
Tim Wilson wrote "The Flight to Brunnswick" in 1987.
Changes to:
"The Flight to Brunnswick" was written in 1987 by Tim Wilson.
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23. Active Passive Time Reference
They make Fords in Cologne.
Susan is cooking dinner.
James Joyce wrote "Dubliners".
They were painting the house when I arrived.
They have produced over 20 models in the past two years.
They are going to build a new factory in Portland.
I will finish it tomorrow.
Fords are made in Cologne.
Present Simple
Dinner is being cooked by Susan
Present Continuous
"Dubliners" was written by James Joyces.
Past Simple
The house was being painted when I arrived.
Past Continuous
Over 20 models have been produced in the past two years.
Present Perfect
A new factory is going to be built in Portland.
Future Intention with Going to
Future Simple
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It will be finished tomorrow.

24. More practice on Passive voice at:
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25. Changing an Adjective Clause to an Adjective Phrase
1.The subject pronoun is omitted and the be form of the verb is omitted.
Clause : The actions which are taken by the government are helpful.
Phrase : The actions taken by the government are helpful.
Clause : John is the man who is responsible for the project.
Phrase : John is the man responsible for the project.
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26. Phrase : A copyright, assuring an author the sole right
2. If there is no “be” form of a verb in the adjective clause, it is sometimes possible to omit the subject pronoun and change the verb to its_ ing form.
Clause : A copyright, which assures an author the sole right to publish, is a right that is
granted by government.
Phrase : A copyright, assuring an author the sole right
to publish, is a right granted by government.
Clause : Anyone who has a salary of 20,000 bath
or more can apply.
Phrase : Anyone having a salary of 20,000 bath
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27. Clause: Large cities provide additional services which include parks.
Phrase: Large cities provide additional
services including parks.
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28. Reducing Adverb Clauses to Modifying Phrases
Sentences with the same subject can reduced after adverb- before, after, while, when, since
1. Omit the subject of the dependent clause and the be form of the verb.
Adverb clause : While she was typing on the computer, she was listening to the radio.
Modifying Phrase: While typing on the computer, she was listening to the radio.
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29. Adverb clause: Before she left the office, she shut down the computer.
2. If there is no “be” form of a verb, omit the subject and change the verb -ing
Adverb clause: Before she left the office, she shut down the computer.
Modifying Phrase: Before leaving the office, she shut down the computer.
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30. While I was reading the newspaper, I saw a story about an old friend.
 While reading the newspaper, I saw a
story about an old friend.
Before I left home, I checked to see that all of the doors were locked.
 Before leaving home, I checked to see
that all of the doors were locked
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31. BUT NOT:
An adverb clause can be changed to a modifying phrase only when the subject of the adverb clause and the subject of the main clause are the same.
No change is possible if the subjects of the adverb clause and the main clause are different.
EX.
Before I took a driving course, my father warned me to be cautious.
Modifying Phrase
* no change (because the subject of the second clause is different.)
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