1. GLOBAL People Management and Development Professor H. Michael Boyd, Ph.D.

2. Marquardt, Michael J and Engel, Dean W., Global Human Resource Development, (Prentice Hall, 1993) –ISBN –-0-13-357930-1 2

3. Professor H. Michael Boyd, Ph.D. 3 Global Culture and HRD

4. Professor H. Michael Boyd, Ph.D. 4 Culture is different from human nature and from individual personalities.

5. Professor H. Michael Boyd, Ph.D. 5 Factors influence the culture more deeply if they are values than if they are practices.

6. Professor H. Michael Boyd, Ph.D. Nine Factors of Culture 1.Religion 2.Education 3.Economics 4.Politics 5.Family 6.Class Structure 7.Language 8.History 9.Natural Resources/Geography 6 There are nine interacting Factors Influencing the Cultural Environment

7. Professor H. Michael Boyd, Ph.D. LEVELS OF CULTURE When we hear the word culture, we usually think only of a nation's culture. However, there are five levels or types of culture—corporate, ethnic, regional, national, and global. The HRD professional needs to be cognizant of all five of these levels of culture when conducting a training program. Each level has an impact on the design and delivery of the HRD activities. 7

8. Professor H. Michael Boyd, Ph.D. Corporate Culture Each organization also has a distinct culture that is passed on from the older to the newer members and determines their way of thinking, doing, and living. 8

9. Professor H. Michael Boyd, Ph.D. Ethnic Culture Most nations have many ethnic cultures within their borders. Sri Lanka has two distinct ethnic groups; Cameroon has over 100. Los Angeles County has 150 cultural groups! The same ethnic group may also be found in many different countries as seen by the Chinese and Indians. 9

10. Professor H. Michael Boyd, Ph.D. Regional Culture There are some cultural characteristics that are "many-nationed" since the cultural factors influencing the various national cultures are powerful and similar. For example, there are many common characteristics of the peoples throughout Latin America or the Middle East. 10

11. Professor H. Michael Boyd, Ph.D. National Culture National culture exists in countries that have within their national borders a distinct, discrete manner of thinking, doing, and living. This is the case in very few countries and usually reflects a history where other cultures have been driven out or destroyed. 11

12. Professor H. Michael Boyd, Ph.D. Global Culture The impact of global business and worldwide communications has resulted in a growing overlapping of values, norms, and beliefs around the world. More and more economists, anthropologists, and HRD professionals are referring to global culture: a borderless world; common characteristics of world leaders; greater global sharing of life style and behavior.

13. Professor H. Michael Boyd, Ph.D. Cultural Factors / Environment »Religion »Education »Economics »Politics »Family »Class Structure »Languages »History »Natural Resources/Geography

14. Professor H. Michael Boyd, Ph.D. The factors of culture or cultural environment can have an impact on: Roles of the trainer and learners Program analysis and design Program development and delivery Program administration and environment 14 Impact on HRD Implementation: Each of these nine factors of culture has an impact on the implementation of HRD

15. Professor H. Michael Boyd, Ph.D. Impact of Culture on HRD Practice HRD PRINCIPLES CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT HRD IMPLEMENTATION Roles of Trainers and Trainees. Factors (Characteristics) Of Corporate Ethnic Regional National Global Cultures Roles of Trainers and Trainees Analysis and Design Development and Delivery Development and Delivery Administration and Environment Administration and Environment

16. Professor H. Michael Boyd, Ph.D. FOUR REGIONAL CASE STUDIES 1. The United States and Canada 2. East Asia 3. The Middle East and North Africa 4. Latin America

17. Professor H. Michael Boyd, Ph.D. The United States and Canada

18. Professor H. Michael Boyd, Ph.D. Cultural Factors/Environment (US / Canada) Religion. The dominant religious influence is that of Protestantism, with its emphasis on individualism, personal salvation, and the work ethic. Education. Educational opportunities are universal with a strong public education system from kindergarten through graduate schools. Emphasis is on learning that is practical, utilitarian, and applicable. The inductive approach of thinking is encouraged. Experiences tend to be evaluated in terms of dichotomies (right/wrong, do/don't, successful/unsuccessful, good/evil, work/play, winner/loser, subjective/objective). Economics. The economies of these countries are market driven and capitalistic. Competition is seen as healthy for economic development. Politics. These countries believe in and practice democracy with universal suffrage. Government is seen as serving the people and should not be too powerful. Individual rights are legally protected.

19. Professor H. Michael Boyd, Ph.D. Cultural Factors/Environment (US / Canada -- continued) Family. Families are nuclear, and children are responsible primarily to themselves for career choices and education. Class Structure. These societies have an open class structure with opportunities for almost anyone to advance. Initiative is respected and rewarded, and equality of opportunity is the norm. Languages. English is very active, direct, clear, and analytical, with a precise but abundant vocabulary. It is a language that patterns in linear structures and lends itself in support of detailed, observation-based analysis. History. Compared to the cultures of Asia, the history of these countries is relatively short. They have generally been economically and militarily successful, especially over the past one hundred years. Natural Resources/Geography. As a result of the arable lands and temperate climates, farmlands are abundant and fruitful. Canada and the United States enjoy vast frontiers and open spaces that encourage rugged individualism and independence.

20. Professor H. Michael Boyd, Ph.D. Impact on HRD Implementation: (US / Canada) HRD Roles. The relationship between the trainer and the learner is much more equal in these societies than other cultures. Trainers must prove their competency. They can and will be challenged by the learners. Credibility must be earned. The trainers, however, are able to be informal and casual in working with the trainees. Such regional cultural factors as class structure, politics, and language support these roles and relationships between trainers and trainees. Analysis and Design. In determining the objectives of a training program, the trainer, in collaboration with the trainees and their management, is expected to determine program objectives. Participants are expected to openly state their needs since there is an almost universal belief that everyone can improve and learn. Learners in these countries want to achieve success. The learners are also involved in setting objectives since they should have some awareness of what is best for them. Clear measurable objectives can be reached if the learners apply themselves. The teachings of religion and history encourage this approach to needs analyses and objective setting.

21. Professor H. Michael Boyd, Ph.D. Impact on HRD Implementation: (US / Canada --- continued) Development and Delivery. Training programs should be practical and relevant. Behavior can be changed and skills developed. A wide variety of methodologies are encouraged. Both inductive and deductive learning are desired. Methodologies based upon analysis, problem solving, learning from fellow trainees and by oneself are appropriate. Lecturing by the trainer is tolerated in short dosages. Cultural factors like natural resources, education, and economics favor this type of development and delivery. Administration and Environment. The venue should be comfortable and economical. Fancy ceremonies and speeches from dignitaries are not necessary. Learners are selected based upon the needs of the organization and the perceived benefits of training the selected individuals, not because of their family name or class. Beliefs about politics and the family drive these approaches in Human Resource Development administration and environment.

22. Professor H. Michael Boyd, Ph.D. What are the key cultural differences in each region? Cultural Factor: US/ CanadaEast AsiaThe Middle East and North Africa Latin America RELIGION Education Economics Politics Family Class Structure Languages History Natural Resources/ Geography