1. 1 Arman Bidarbakhtnia Statistician, UNSIAP

2. Areas of focus Health and nutrition of childrenMaternal healthMortality and causes of deathHIV and AIDSHealth risks related to life style 2

3. Health and nutrition of children 3 Gender issues: -Survival chance: Non-biological factors -Health care discrimination -Nutritional status Data needs (by sex) : -Death (under 1&5) -Ever born & surviving (by age of mother) -Vaccination -Symptoms -Health exp -Nutritional status Measurement: -Reporting error/bias -Rare events (wide CIs) -Age disaggergation (Nutritional status; age 2)

4. Under 5 mortality rate per 1,000 live birth by sex, 1995 - 2000, 2000 - 2005 and 2005 – 2010 (Source: UN 2010) 4

5. Maternal Health 5 Gender issues: -Outcome: mortality -Access to prenatal care -Access to skilled personnel -Who are at more risk? Data needs ( for at least two points in time) : -Maternal death -Live birth -Visits to health facilities -Contraceptive use -Attendance by skilled personnel Measurement: -Misclassification -Rare events (wide CIs) -Concepts (types of contraceptive) -Underreporting (abortions) -Disaggregation (age, m.s., edu, geo, eco, hh,..)

6. Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR), 2005 Source: WHO, Maternal Mortality in 2005 (2007) 6

7. Mortality and causes of death 7 Gender issues: -Outcome: Life expectancy -Resilience (M vs F) -Main causes of death (M vs F) -Cancer: distribution Data needs (by age and sex) : -Death -Cause of death -Population distribution Measurement: -Underreporting (sex-selective) -Misreporting & misclassification (cause of death)

8. Source: UN 2010 8

9. HIV and AIDS 9 Gender issues: -Risk: F vs M -Knowledge: M vs F -Youth: condom use (M vs F) Data needs (by age and sex) : -Prevalence -Death -HIV testing -Access to medicine -High risk sexual behavior -Knowledge Measurement: -Sensitive topic -Sex bias in HIV testing in surveys -Bias towards socially desirable answers

10. Percentage of women among HIV-positive adults by region, 2001 and 2007 Source: UNAIDS, Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic (2008) 10

11. Health risks related to life style 11 Gender issues: -Cultural/social habits: Drinking & smoking, … -Obesity -Exposure to indoor pollution (F) -Exposure to injuries (M) Data needs (by age and sex) : -Alcohol consumption -Smokers -Obese population -Physical activities -Types of fuels -Injuries Measurement: -Limited information on physical activities -Difficulty in identifying risk for different levels of alcohol consumption

12. Source: UN 2010 12

13. Sources of data  Civil Registration and Vital Statistics (CRVS)  Censuses  Household surveys: DHS, MICS, HIES, WHS, TUS 13