1. Management & Recovery Implications Of Wild/Hatchery Steelhead Interactions Within A Large, Complex Watershed Research Partners: WDFW Skagit River System Cooperative Upper Skagit Indian Tribe Seattle City Light Funded By: Saltonstall-Kennedy (NMFS)

2. Interactions between non-listed hatchery steelhead and listed wild steelhead have been identified as a factor contributing to the decline of wild steelhead

3. Genetic Impacts Through Interbreeding Genetic And Ecological Impact From Hatchery Steelhead Spawning Outside Hatchery Wild/Hatchery Interaction Topics

4. Wild Origin & Hatchery Steelhead Background

5. Skagit Natural Origin Steelhead Puget Sound Steelhead Federally Listed 2007 Escapement Floor – 6,000 Escapement Level In Decline --15,000 (1960s) to 2,400 (2009) 8 of last 12 years have been below the escapement floor level Low point 2009 with 2,400

6. WDFW’s Marblemount Hatchery 50-year smolt production history Segregated Winter Hatchery Program Early Spawn Timing Historic Smolt Production Range 60,000 – 600,000 Present Smolt Production Goal 250,000 Release Locations Early Years 5-6 (from hatchery & throughout basin) Last Decade 2-3 (primarily from hatchery)

7. Management & Harvest Background Managed for wild production Segregated Hatchery Program Adults caught or return to hatchery facility Stray spawn time avoids overlap with wild origin Tribal & Sport harvest targets hatchery fish Sport regs prohibit wild retention Tribal wild harvest levels extremely low

8. Genetic Sampling Zones Establishing Hatchery & Wild Genetic Baselines Recognizing Sources Of Genetic Introgression

9. Likely Genetic Introgression Sources Resident Mykiss Out Of Basin Sources Marblemount Hatchery Steelhead (Chambers)

10. Genetic Baseline Zones 2009-2011 Skagit Steelhead Research Finney Creek Baker River Suiattle River Upper Sauk Upper Skagit Stetattle Creek

11. Wild Non- Anadromous Juvenile Resident Rainbow Genetic Baseline Groups 2009-2011 Skagit Steelhead Research Finney Creek Baker River Suiattle River Upper Sauk Upper Skagit Goodell Creek Adult Steelhead Genetic Baseline Groups Wild Anadromous Juvenile Steelhead Genetic Baseline Groups

12. Evidence of Segregated Hatchery Steelhead Spawning Outside of the Marblemount Hatchery? Sport caught unspawned & kelts captured in February-April Tribal harvest Genetic

13. WDFW Olympia Genetics Lab

14. Microsatellite Results From 19 Collections of Steelhead Adults & Juveniles & Rainbow Trout Populations Cascade RBT Big Creek (Suiattle) RBT Clear Creek (Sauk) RBT Three resident mykiss populations from non-anadromous regions demonstrated genetic separation Steelhead collections were genetically homogenous

15. Ross Lake Rainbow Trout Collection Marblemount Hatchery Collection Chilliwack B.C Hatchery Steelhead Collection Wild Adult Steelhead Collections Microsatellite Results From 6 Skagit Adult Steelhead Collections, Marblemount Hatchery, Chillwack Hatchery (BC) & Ross Lake Rainbow

16. 1 – Upper Skagit 2 – Grandy Creek 2009 3 – Grandy Creek 2010 4 – County Line Ponds 5 – Bacon Creek 6 – Goodell 2009 7 – Goodell 2010 8 – Cascade 2009 9 – Cascade 2010 10 – Suiattle 11 - Sauk 12 – Diobsud Creek 13 – Finney Creek 2009 14 – Finney Creek 2010 15 - Marblemount Hatchery Adult Percentage hatchery and natural origin ancestry of juveniles steelhead and Marblemount hatchery adult collections in the Skagit River basin from structure analysis Hatchery Ancestry – red Natural Origin Ancestry - green

17. Hatchery Ancestry Observed Throughout the Basin inYOY

18. Skagit Natural Origin Segregated Hatchery

19. Hatchery Ancestry Observed Throughout the Basin In Adults

20. Possible Implications:  Spawning Habitat Use  Genetic Impacts Through Interbreeding  Rearing Habitat Use & Competition  Reduced Egg To Adult Survival

21. Natural & Hatchery Ancestry From Finney Creek Young-Of Year 2010 11 of 50 (22%) YOY samples with >20% hatchery ancestry

22. Possible Mating Types - Finney Creek YOY

23. 91.9% Possible Mating Types - Finney Creek YOY

24. 91.9% Hatchery x Hatchery Possible Mating Types - Finney Creek YOY *Not direct introgression

25. Possible Mating Types - Finney Creek YOY

26. 55.4% Possible Mating Types - Finney Creek YOY

27. 55.4% Hatchery x Wild Possible Mating Types - Finney Creek YOY Direct Introgression

28. Possible Mating Types - Finney Creek YOY

29. 33.6% Possible Mating Types - Finney Creek YOY

30. 33.6% Back Cross H+W x Wild Possible Mating Types - Finney Creek YOY

31. Hatchery Ancestry From Finney Creek Natural Origin Adults 19 of 53 (36%) Adult Samples with >20% Hatchery Ancestry

32. Hatchery Ancestry From Finney Creek Natural Origin Adults Evidence Suggests A High Frequency Of Hybrid Survival To Adulthood

33. Finney Creek Marblemount Hatchery Segregation Of Wild From Hatchery Steelhead Appears To Be Working Effectively At 5% Level Segregation Of Hatchery From Natural Origin Steelhead Appears To Be Working Less Effectively

34. Statewide Steelhead Management Plan: Statewide Policies, Strategies, and Actions February 29, 2008 Segregated programs implemented to enhance harvest opportunities (i.e. segregated harvest program) will result in an average gene flow of less than 2% from the hatchery to the wild stock. “WDFW & Skagit Tribes will soon establish specific introgression levels for spatial collections of YOY and Adult Steelhead from this data”

35. Adult Steelhead Wandering Tendencies Genetic data would suggest that hatchery and natural origin steelhead adults spatially stray and/or wander from natal location

37. Receiver Locations Tagging Location Typical Direct Upstream Migration Progression Suiattle River

38. Receiver Locations Tagging Location Atypical In-Direct Upstream Migration Progression Suiattle River

39. 108 Acoustically tagged natural origin adult steelhead were Tracked during their spawning migrations in 2009 and 2010 Upstream migration routes showed little evidence of wandering by taking indirect routes to spawning location. Less than 1% (a single male) took an indirect route to spawning location

40. ScenarioFish Management Tribal Treaty Rights Sport FisherySteelhead Recovery Efforts No ChangeIntrogression Levels and Hatchery Straying Unchanged No Change To Hatchery Targeted Harvest Opportunity No Change To Current Sport Fishing Opportunities Introgression and ecological impacts continue at current levels 50% Reduction In Smolt Production Introgression Levels and Hatchery Straying Reduced Reduced Hatchery Targeted Harvest Opportunity No Change To Current Sport Fishing Opportunities (Reduced #s) Reduced hatchery straying & hybrid frequency 100% Reduction In Smolt Production Introgression Levels and Hatchery Straying Eliminated Eliminates Hatchery Targeted Harvest Opportunity Eliminates Current Sport Fishing Opportunities Eliminates hatchery straying & primary introgression source Integrated ProgramNew Harvest Management & Ecological & Genetic Issues -No harvest? -Deferred? -Limited? -No sport fishery? -Deferred? -Limited? Dependent on program protocols

41. Questions