1. Diagnosing Bone and Joint Injuries Key Concepts 1.What are some injuries of the skeletal system, and how can they be identified? 2.How can bone and joint injuries be treated?

2. Key Terms  Fracture  Sprain  Dislocation  X-ray  Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)  Arthritis  Arthroscope

3. Common Skeletal System Injuries  Fracture – break in the bone Simple – bone is cracked or completely broken in two or more pieces Compound – broken ends of the bone stick out through the skin

4. Dislocation  Occurs when the end of a bone comes out of its joint.  Sometimes a doctor can put it back in place  Sometimes surgery is required

5. Sprain  Occurs when ligaments are stretched too far and tear in places  Sprains of the ankle are the most common joint injury

6. Identifying Injuries  X-rays – form of energy that travels in waves like visible light To take x-rays – need a lead apron to protect the rest of your body from unnecessary exposure, an x-ray machine and photographic film. X-rays pass through soft tissues but are absorbed by bone. The x-rays do not reach the photographic film on the other side. After the film is developed, the bones show up as clearly defined white areas

7. Limitations of X-Rays  Cannot be used to directly view injuries to soft tissues like organs  The energy in x-rays can damage your body cells

8. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)MRI)  Method for taking clear pictures of both bones and soft tissues  MRI scanner – large machine that contains electromagnets  The person is exposed to short bursts of magnetic energy which makes the atoms in the body vibrate, or resonate.  The computer analyzes the vibration pattern and makes an image

9. MRI Advantages and disadvantages  Images are very sharp and clear  Can produce images at any body angle  No evidence that it harms cells  MRI machines are expensive to buy and use – not normally used to identify possible broken bones

10. Treating Injuries  Casts – Treat broken bones by immobilizing the fracture

11. Joint Replacement  Joint replacement – often used to treat arthritis. When movement becomes extremely painful or impossible, the joint is replaced with an artificial one made of metal or plastic

12. Arthroscopy  Arthroscopy – uses an arthroscope to diagnose and treat joint injuries Arthroscope is a slim, tube-shaped instrument with a camera attached. It is inserted through a small incision and projects images onto a computer monitor. After the problem is diagnosed, other small instruments are inserted into additional small incisions to repair the problem