2. Immune 3 Mammary Phases of Lactation Immune 1 Immune 2 10 20 30 40 50 40 30 20 10 50 40 30 20 10 50 40 30 20 10 50 40 30 20 10

3. QUESTION: What is the smallest unit of the mammary gland? ANSWER: Alveolus

4. QUESTION: What is the most variable component of milk? ANSWER: Fat

5. QUESTION: The first milk produced by a female is called ____________ and contains _______________ to fight infection. ANSWER: Colostrum, Antibodies

6. QUESTION: Describe the placement of organelles inside an epithelial cell. ANSWER: Nucleus towards the outside of the cell – basal membrane Golgi apparatus and other secretory organelles towards inside of cell – closer to lumen of alveoli

7. QUESTION: Draw an alveolus. ANSWER:

8. QUESTION: What is mammogenesis? ANSWER: Preparation/Growth of breast tissue for lactation

9. QUESTION: Suckling triggers release of oxytocin and milk letdown during what phase? ANSWER: Galactokinesis

10. QUESTION: Remodeling of the mammary gland after lactation has ended is called what? ANSWER: Involution

11. QUESTION: During lactogenesis which hormone stimulates the synthesis of what? ANSWER: Lactose

12. QUESTION: Describe the hormonal effects of galactopoiesis. ANSWER: Prolactin maintains lactation, surges during periods of suckling LH and FSH low due to inhibition of GnRH by prolcatin Anovulation and amenorrhea can occur

13. QUESTION: Viral infected cells secrete this substance to protect neighboring cells from infection. ANSWER: Interferons

14. QUESTION: What is the benefit of a moderate fever in fighting infection? ANSWER: Spleen and liver sequester iron and zinc to stop microbial use Metabolic rate increases to increase rate of repair

15. QUESTION: B cells proliferate to produce what? ANSWER: Antibodies Memory cells

16. QUESTION: Name the four ways antibodies fight antigens. ANSWER: Precipitation Complement-fixation Agglutination Neutralization

17. QUESTION: CD4 and CD8 cells are activated to become what? ANSWER: CD4 – helper T cells CD8 – cytotoxic T cells

18. QUESTION: Name two barriers in the first line of defense. ANSWER: Skin Mucous membranes

19. QUESTION: Name two cell types that are a part of the second line of defense. ANSWER: Macrophages Neutrophils Natural killer cells Phagocytes

20. QUESTION: What are three signs of the inflammatory response? ANSWER: Swelling Redness Heat Pain

21. QUESTION: Name three characteristics of the adaptive immune system. ANSWER: Antigen specific Systemic Has memory

22. QUESTION: Explain why there would not be an immune response if helper T cells were not present. ANSWER: Recognize antigen which leads to activation and proliferation of T and B cells Also activate and recruit other immune cells

23. QUESTION: Where do T-cells and B-cells mature? ANSWER: Thymus Bone marrow

24. QUESTION: How can an organism acquire immunity actively? ANSWER: Having an infection Vaccinations

25. QUESTION: What is one type of passive immunity? ANSWER: Donor antibodies Mother’s antibodies

26. QUESTION: What type of protein recognizes normal cells as “self?” ANSWER: Class I major histocompatibility complex proteins (MCH)

27. QUESTION: Describe the steps involved in phagocyte mobilization. ANSWER: Leukocytosis – neutrophils released from bone marrow head to site of injury Margination – neutrophils cling to capillary walls Diapedesis – neutrophils flatten and squeeze through capillary walls Chemotaxis – chemical signals attract neutrophils to specific area of injury